Thus, we have a pretty fair notion of the college expenses, for twelve months, of a young gentleman of respectable birth and connections at that time, whose habits appear to have been liberal, and whose outfit was upon such a scale as to enable him once to accommodate the president with a loan, and, at another time, to unite with his classmates in a complimentary gift to him.

In dismissing the little book from this review, the imagination lingers upon the scenes through which it has carried us. The myriads who have since thronged the paths he trod, and, without leaving a memorial of their individual existence, have resigned, to succeeding generations, the shadows they have pursued, even the generation that now toils in

the harness, all pass away, to give place to the adventurer whose little travels and brief sojourn we have thus become acquainted with, and the people among whom we trace him.

The country itself, thus " repeopled with the past," owned the feeble sway, under George II., of the Duke of Newcastle, in whose horizon its dim outlines were but little known, and which he describes as the island called New England." The country must have been, much of it, a wilderness, permeated with roads, so little deserving the name and answering the purposes of such accommodations, that, nearly forty years later, our traveler habitually passed over them on horseback, sending his luggage by sea. The almanacs of that and even a much later period, gave most of the space after the calendar to registering the names and places of the principal inn-keepers, with the distances

between.

It was in the very month of September on which our student left college, that Lord Chesterfield's famous bill, establishing the new style of the calendar, took effect. Washington, who was of the same age with our hero, was surveying in Virginia. Earl Bute was intriguing at Leicester House, and the future Chatham nursing, in the impotence of subordinate official station, the terrors that, in a few years, were to burst upon the two great powers of continental Europe.

THEA

HE recent completion of a second edition of Johnston's " Physical Atlas," enlarged and improved, induces us to give our readers some account of this comprehensive and very valuable work. The original design of the "Physical Atlas" was, to convey, by the aid of charts and diagrams and a series of carefully-written explanatory essays, a clear conception of the great facts and general truths of the wide and noble science of physical geography. This very extensive department of modern

knowledge embraces every branch of the earth's natural history in its largest sense, which takes cognizance of the objects and phenomena of our globe in their geographical distribution. It comprehends, indeed, all the space-relationships of the things visible upon the earth's surface, as well its insensate stationary rocks and ever-moving fluids, water and air, as its vital organic beings, plants and animals, and man. Whatever possesses a fixed habitation on the earth's surface, or has ascertain

able limits of partial diffusion over it, or a traceable path of motion on it, whatever is susceptible of geographic definition, belongs legitimately to the wide domain of physical geography. It pays regard, therefore, to all the physical features of the external rocky crust; the shape of its lands and waters; the relief or solid modeling of its planes, slopes, and mountains; the configurations of its shores, and every thing that pertains to its orography and external geology. It treats of the waters of the globe in all their aspects, not simply in the areas they occupy, but in the wonderful functions which they perform-tracing them in their drainage across the lands, and in their great systematic circulation throughout the seas, where they constitute an important part of the mighty wheel-work of this earth's never-resting mechanism. It tracks the waters from the atmosphere where they float diffused a universal ocean; measures the relative amounts of nourishment, in the shape of rain and snow, which they sift upon the earth; traces the water-sheds which divide their flow over the surface, estimates the part which evaporation lifts back into the atmosphere, and gauges the remainder which flows forward into the ocean. Within the sea, this science watches the movements of the waters as the physiologist studies the organization and functions of a living thing. It sounds their depths, finds the shape of the undulating floor over which they float, and, by the plummet, maps out the planes and slopes of the vast lands below the floods, as full of life and as influential, by their configuration, as the lands above the sea-level. Noting the oceanic circulation, and the conditions which control it, it aims at studying the temperatures of the sea in all its parts, and is fast attaining a clear conception of the distribution of the many climates which are hid under the waves, and to each of which belongs a separate, populous world. Looking at the mere dynamics of the sea, it observes its currents, marks their wide rotations, traces their limits, notes how they sweep from shore to shore, carrying to the lands they invade the climates and even some of the products of the zones they leave, and governing the distribution, not merely of the aquatic forms of life, but of the races of all the oceanic borders of the continents. Not content with producing

to the mental eye, through description and graphic illustration, this whole beautifully-regulated play of the constantly-flowing waters, and showing them in their climatal reactions, it undertakes to measure and depict the march of the great tidal wave, which twice, between one passing of the moon and the succeeding, moves round the globe, a swift though soft pulsation, carrying to all its shores the nourishment of an incessant washing. To its province, called hydrography, it assigns the task of representing all these and still other phenomena of the earth's waters.

Physical geography discusses not only the geography of the land, and the geography of all the earth's waters, but the geography of the air. Considering the atmosphere as a universal ocean, resting on the land and the sea as its diversified bed, and as maintained in neverceasing circulation by inequalities of weight derived from unequal heating, by the rotation of the earth beneath it, and by disparities of frictional resistance incident to the nature of the surface upon which it moves, it finds that the fields of air divide themselves up into a most complex geography; that the globe is belted with winds, some as constant as its own rotation, some oscillating and periodic, some intricately interlaced, yet all susceptible of being defined in their limits, tracked in their course, and pictured to the mental vision, by the art of chartography. In the same way, it takes note of all the other elements of climate, ascertains, by a thousand coördinated observations, the distribution of heat over the whole globe; telling us not only the average warmth of the year for any given spot, but the average temperature for each season or each month. It shows us within what extremes the actual degrees of heat and cold are known to fluctuate, and by what gradations the seasons pass into each other, and to what extents and wherein the multitudinous climates of the earth disagree. It sketches to our eyes the belts of average annual warmth round the globe, and displays how widely these deviate from the circles of equal latitude, and descends so far into detail as to show us all localities possessing the same temperature for any particular part of the year, even a given month, over the whole circuit of the hemisphere. It is fast accomplishing,

in regard to moisture, what it has been doing in respect to heat, showing us the geography of the world's rain, describing and mapping not only the rainy and the rainless countries, but the limits of the different areas enjoying an identity in the amount of atmospheric precipitation.

Of all the aims contemplated by the great science of meteorology, in its aspects as a branch of physical geography, this, of ascertaining for each climatal region of the globe its annual and seasonal rain-fall, is palpably the most important. We can find no terms whereby we can adequately convey our conception of the momentous value, to all human interests, of a just knowledge of the general facts or laws which regulate the distribution of rain. The conveyer of all nourishment, itself a chief nutrient element for everything that grows and lives, the atmospheric water is, in conjunction with temperature, the ineasure, the coefficient, of the foodproducing or life-supporting capacity of every district of the globe. Where it is absent, or in stinted quantity, the earth is desert; where it abounds, all vital actions are at their maximum. And it is no less indispensable for some of man's most important industrial operations. In agriculture, it is nature, seldom man, who provides and applies the moisture without which there is no harvest, and, therefore, we advert not to this, the art of all arts. But water is almost as indispensable an agent in the great art of mining, or drawing from the earth her invaluable mineral bounties. A perfectly arid country can have no mines, and it is not going one step beyond sober truth to say, that the ultimate limit of mineral productiveness of any region will be determined by the amount of its atmospheric moisture, or, more strictly, by the extent of its natural irrigation. This applies, in a striking manner, to the extraction of gold and all those metals and ores which can only be got by washing. Even now, the gold-fields of California and other gold-bearing countries yield their crops of wealth only at those seasons and in those localities which are visited by a sufficiency of rain to supply water for the separating process. Indeed, it is not too much to say, that the ultimate supply of bullion to the commercial world will find its limiting conditions in the limits fixed by the Creator to the

rains which fall in the gold-containing

countries.

Another important branch of physical geography is that which ascertains and exhibits the geographical distribution of plants. Botanical geography, as it is called, is, indeed, but a department of this great composite science-but one wing of the vast and beautiful templeand how marvelous are the pictures which it discloses. It shows us the whole pattern of the great green carpet with which the earth's floor is clothed; points to where the forests shade its soils; defines to us the limits of its open grassy pampas and flowery prairies and the spaces forever given over to verdureless sterility.

An equally instructive division of the science is that which contemplates the geographical divisions of the various tribes of animals; which tells us, for example, within what limits different species and genera of the mammalia roam; what boundaries confine each description of bird and fish; and to what areas, in fine, each race, both terrestrial and aquatic, is restricted as to its appointed home upon this earth. The entire domain of positive science discloses no one province more full of wonderful and beautiful relationships, more expressive of the divine harmony which reigns in the material world; more suggestive of infinite intelligence in its complex adjustments, than this superb field of research, which takes note of the geographic distribution of life in all its thousand forms. Each type or pattern of living animal has its own allotted province, and each group of types its appointed district upon the earth's surface; and it has been one of the noblest triumphs of the generaliz ing spirit of natural history, that it has furnished the world with this lofty class of facts relating to the diffusion of life. The geography of animal life is, indeed, the noblest of all the departments of physical geography.

Under this province, which, from its human interest, may be dignified as a separate science, ranks the whole interesting field of recently accumulated knowledge which is called ethnology, or the science of the distribution of the varieties of the human race throughout the globe. In the department of man, physical geography embraces more, indeed, than technically defined ethnology. It includes all the phenomena

of mankind which exhibit geographical variations, are confined to geographical limits, or are susceptible of chartographic delineation. It has cognizance, therefore, of the distribution of language as well as of race- of the distribution of disease, stationary or in motion-and, passing the confines of the physical world, to enter that of the mental and moral, it pays regard even to the geography of religions and the geography of education and of crime.

In fact, this noble science takes within its embrace all phenomena, whether objects or the functions of nature, which seem to possess a local geographic diffusion-that is, an allotment in space upon the surface of our globe.

Let us now briefly review the superb work, "The Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena, by Alexander Keith Johnston," assisted by his many able colaborators, and see in how successful a manner the high ideal of physical geography, which we have here sketched, has been approached.

The present enlarged edition of the "Physical Atlas" comprises altogether forty-two colored engravings, thirty-five of which are charts and drawings of the size of a large folio sheet. The illustrative text occupies 145 folio pages of letter-press; an admirable key to which, and to the charts, is supplied in a very copious index, including more than sixteen thousand independent references. This text consists of a series of carefully-written treatises on all the departments of physical geography above alluded to, some of them by Mr. Keith Johnston, others by several of the ablest writers in the ranks of European science. Each of the more elaborate essays, fully illustrated, as it is, by its admirably-engraved and tinted chart and drawings, is an independent work, embodying an immense amount of valuable fact and large general scientific induction, in usually a very condensed and accessible form. The whole work is fairly entitled to take rank as an encyclopædia of physical geography, so comprehensive is it in plan, so full is it in detail, so generous is it in illustration, and so well methodized in the distribution of its parts. The numerous essays with their plates are grouped under six primary divisions, into which the whole subject has been arranged.

The classification is: 1st, geology and orography; 2d, hydrography;

3d, meteorology and magnetism; 4th, botany; 5th, natural history or zoology; 6th, ethnology and statistics.

The first division includes ten subjects, illustrated by eleven large charts. First we have the geological structure of the globe, treated in an able and comprehensive essay, by Professor J. P.Nichol, of Glasgow, and illustrated by a beautiful geological map with drawings, contributed by Ami Boué, and corrected to 1855. Second, the physical features of Europe and Asia, showing the mountains, table-lands, planes, and slopes. This admirably clear and expressive orographic map of Europe and Asia is accompanied by several profile sections, and by a geological map of Java; another of the volcanic kingdom of Luzon, and a third explaining the upheaval of the island of Reguain-the whole elucidated in two folio pages of explanatory letter-press. Third,-the mountain system of Europe.

This is

an uncommonly beautiful and instructive map, constructed on the basis of contour lines from the drawings of Professor Berghaus, by A. K. Johnston. With it are two pages of illustrative notes. Fouth, geological map of Europe, by Sir Roderick Impey Murchison and Professor James Nicol. This is a beautifully executed geological chart of the entire surface of Europe, exhibiting the different systems of rocks according to the most recent reseaches, and in edited materials the subject is expounded in four pages of descriptive and illustrative letter-press. The eminent abilities and geological learning of its authors are patent to the whole scientific world. Fifth,-geological and paleontological map of the British Islands. British geology, for its extent the most interesting province of the geology of the globe, is here admirably set forth in two very gracefully tinted and clearly illustrated sheets, including tables of the fossils of the different epochs by the late Professor Edward Forbes, who has contributed, in explanation of this beautiful subject, eight folio pages of illustrative and explana tory letter-press most skillfully arranged and condensed, so as to constitute, indeed, almost a full treatise on this fascinating subject, paleontology. Sixth,the physical features of North and South America. This finely-executed plate exhibits the mountains, tablelands, planes, and slopes of both North

and South America in beautiful distinctness; it is accompanied by large maps of Trinidad, Quito, Bolivia, etc., all done by A. K. Johnston, and there are two geological sections for North America, by Professor H. D. Rogers, of the United States. The letter-press, which is full, consists of an essay on the physical features of North America, by Professor Rogers, and another on South America by Johnston. Seventh,-geological map of the United States and British North America, with a copious illustrative essay, both by Professor H. D. Rogers. This is a beautifully-colored and carefully-executed geological map of the United States, embracing the entire breadth of the Continent. It has been constructed from the most recent documents, and is the first attempt at a clear delineation of the strata from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It aims at displaying, among other things, the true limit of the coal-fields of the country, even to the lesser isolated ones west of the Rocky Mountains. The text, comprised in six closely-printed, doublecolumn folio pages, gives, besides a general sketch of the geology of the United States, a history of the progress of geological research in the country. The map is accompanied by a carefullydrawn section, and by a tabular key showing the equivalency of the American and European formations. Eight, glaciers and glacial phenomena. A beautiful chart of illustrations of the glacier system of the Alps and of glacial phenomena generally, with a valuable essay on the subject, in four folio pages, all by Professor James D. Forbes, of the University of Edinburgh. This able essay, with its admirable drawings, conveys, in a condensed form, a large mass of highly interesting information upon the attractive subject of glaciers; their geographical distribution, the rate and cause of their motion, and their former greater extension, besides showing the distribution of permanent snow on the earth's surface. Ninth, the phenomena of volcanic action, clearly-drawn and tinted plate with four pages of descriptive notes, showing the regions visited by earthquakes, and the distribution of volcanoes over the globe. The plate contains enlarged maps of earthquake districts of India, Lower Italy, the United States, Iceland, the Canary Islands, Santorini, etc. Tenth,-comparative views of re

markable phenomena. This is a series of detailed maps, plans, sections and views of volcanic and other interesting geological formations, embraced in an exquisitely-engraved folio sheet, and illustrated by two pages of explanatory letter-press.

The second division of the work is devoted to hydrography, and especial attention has been given to those portions of the subject interesting to navigation and inland commerce. The plates in this division comprise, First,a physical chart of the Atlantic Ocean, showing the shape and direction of the currents, the distribution of heat at the surface; navigation and traderoutes, banks, rocks, etc., illustrated by six folio pages of descriptive letterpress, including a chart of the basin of the Atlantic, from soundings made by the American navy under direction of Lieutenant Maury, also a general sketch-chart of the oceanic currents, and a chart and description of the Arctic basin, by Professor H. D. Rogers. Second,-a physical chart of the Indian Ocean. This exceedingly clear map, which is illustrated by two pages of descriptive notes, all by A. K. Johnston, indicates the temperature of the water; the currents of the air and of sea; the directions of the winds; zones traversed by hurricanes; regions of monsoons and typhoons and tracks of commerce, etc. Third, -a physical chart of the Pacific Ocean, showing the currents and temperature of the ocean; the trade-routes, etc., explained in two pages of descriptive letter-press; also by A. K. Johnston. Fourth, —a tidal chart of the British seas. This map, designed to show the progress of the wave of high water, the hour of high water in Greenwich time at new and full moon, and the depth of the sea, has been constructed under the direction of J. Scott Russell, who has added two pages of explanatory notes, including a tidal chart of the world. Fifth, the river systems of Europe and Asia are explained in a beautifully-colored map, and in two folio pages of letter-press, by A. K. Johnston. Professor H. D. Rogers has here added notes on the salt lakes of contineu tal basins. Sixth, the river systems of North and South America, similarly illustrated and described, are, like the preceding map, from designs of Profes sor Berghaus, improved upon by A. K. Johnston. The chart contains enlarged