ELECTING THE PRESIDENT

HEARINGS

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

UNITED STATES SENATE
NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

ON
S.J. Res. 1, S.J. Res. 2, S.J. Res. 4, S.J. Res. 12,
S.J. Res. 18, S.J. Res. 20, S.J. Res. 25, S.J. Res. 30,
S.J. Res. 31, S.J. Res. 33, S.J. Res. 71,

and S.J. Res. 72
TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION RELATING TO

ELECTORAL COLLEGE REFORM

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY

JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman JOHN L. MCCLELLAN, Arkansas

EVERETT MCKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois SAM J. ERVIN, JR., North Carolina

ROMAN L. HRUSKA, Nebraska THOMAS J. DODD, Connecticut

HIRAM L. FONG, Hawaii PHILIP A. HART, Michigan

HUGE SCOTT, Pennsylvania EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts STROM THURMOND, South Carolina BIRCH BAYH, Indiana

MARLOW W. COOK, Kentucky QUENTIN N. BURDICK, North Dakota CHARLES MCC. MATHIAS, JB., Maryland JOSEPH D. TYDINGS, Maryland ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia

SUBCOMMITTEE ON CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS

BIRCH BAYH, Indiana, Chairman JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi

EVERETT MCKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois SAM J. ERVIN, JR., North Carolina

ROMAN L. HRUSKA, Nebraska THOMAS J. DODD, Connecticut

HIRAM L. FONG, Hawaii JOSEPH D. TYDINGS, Maryland

STROM THURMOND, South Carolina ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia

MARLOW W. COOK, Kentucky

WITNESSES AFL-CIO, Department of Legislation, Washington, D.C. American Civil Liberties Union, Washington, D.C. American Farm Bureau Federation, Washington, D.C. Americans for Democratic Action, Washington, D.C. American Jewish Congress, New York, N.Y. Ashman, Dr. Charles, director, School of Public Affairs, University of the

Pacific, Stockton, Calif. Bailey, Dr. Lloyd, presidential elector from North Carolina. Baker, Hon. Howard H., Jr., U.S. Senator from the State of Tennessee. Bellmon, Hon. Henry, U.S. Senator from the State of Oklahoma. Bible, Hon. Alan, U.S. Senator from the State of Nevada. Biemiller, Mr. Andrew J., director, Department of Legislation, AFL-CIO, accompanied by Mr. Thomas E. Harris, associate general counsel, AFL-CIO, Washington, D.C. Bingham, Hon. Jonathan B., a U.S. Representative in Congress from the State

of New York.
Burdick, Hon. Quentin, U.S. Senator from the State of North Dakota.
Burlison, Hon. Bill D., a U.S. Representative in Congress from the State of

Missouri.
Cordova, Hon. Jorge L., Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, accompanied by
Hon. Ron de Lugo, elected representative of the Virgin Islands to Washing-

ton, D.C.
Curtis, Hon. Carl T., U.S. Senator from the State of Nebraska.
Dominick, Hon. Peter H., U.S. Senator from the State of Colorado.
Ervin, Hon. Samuel J., Jr., U.S. Senator from the State of North Carolina.
Fleming, Mr. Roger, secretary-treasurer and director, Washington Office of the

American Farm Bureau Federation, accompanied by Mr. Fred Poole and Mr.

Kit Haynes, counsel, Washington, D.C. Goldwater, Hon. Barry, U.S. Senator from the State of Arizona. Goodell, Hon. Charles E., U.S. Senator from the State of New York. Holland, Hon. Spessard I., U.S. Senator from the State of Florida. International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, Washington, D.C. Jewell, Prof. Malcolm, political science department, University of Kentucky,

Lexington, Ky. Kirby, Prof. James C., Jr., profesor of law, New York University, accompanied by John A. Gosnell, secretary and general counsel, National Small Business

Association, Washington, D.C. Kleindienst, Hon. Richard G., Deputy Attorney General of the United States. Lance, Hon. Wesley, New Jersey State senator and president of the 1968 New 2–22ūti?2ti2m2âÒ§§Â2Ò2ÂÒ2Â?Â2Òâēģ222/2/2/2Â2Òâ. Let Us Vote (LUV), Washington, D.C. Lowenstein, Hon. Allard K., a U.S. Representative in Congress from the State

of New York. Mundt, Hon. Karl E., U.S. Senator from the State of South Dakota. Muskie, Hon. Edmund, U.S. Senator from the State of Maine. National Cotton Council, Washington, D.C. National Small Business Association, Washington, D.C. O'Hara, Hon. James G., a U.S. Representative in Congress from the State of

Michigan. Penniman, Prof. Howard, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. Rankin, Miss Jeanette, a former Representative in Congress from the State

of Montana. Scammon, Mr. Richard, director, Elections Research Center, Washington, D.C. Schweiker, Hon. Richard S., U.S. Senator from the State of Pennsylvania.