351. In the following passage substitute Anglo-Saxon words for those of Latin origin, and parse the paragraph:

"The old man trusts wholly to slow contrivance and gradual progression. The youth expects to force his way by genius, vigour, and precipitancy. The old man deifies prudence. The youth commits himself to magnanimity and chance. Age looks with anger on the temerity of youth, and youth with contempt on the scrupulosity of age." Johnson.

352. Compose and parse three sentences in which the AngloSaxon element shall predominate. Compose and parse three sentences in which the Latin or the Greek element shall predominate.

353. Convert the following passages into English prose:

Obs.-In paraphrasing, the following particulars should be attended to: (a.) In the arrangement of your words, conform to direct grammatical order as much as the order of the thoughts will allow. (b.) Endeavour to give the author's exact meaning. (c.) Vary the expressions, but let your words accord with the rules of syntax. (d.) Much of the luxuriance of poetry may be pruned away in prose. (e.) The orthography and the pronunciation must be correct.

(1.) "Beneath these rugged elms, that yew tree's shade,

Where heaves the turf in many a mould'ring heap,
Each in his narrow cell for ever laid,

The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep."-Gray.

(2) "Honor and shame from no condition rise;

Act well your part, there all the honor lies."-Pope.

(3.) "Three poets, in three distant ages born,
Greece, Italy, and England, did adorn.

The first, in loftiness of thought surpas sed ;
The next, in majesty; in both the last.
The force of nature could no further go;

To make a third, she join’d the former two.”—Dryden.

(4.) "The quality of mercy is not strain'd;

It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven,
Upon the place beneath; it is twice bless'd;
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes;
'Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomes
The throned monarch better than his crown;
His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,
The attribute to awe and majesty,

Wherein doth sit the fear and dread of kings;
But mercy is above this sceptred sway,
It is enthroned in the heart of kings,
It is an attribute to God himself;

And earthly power doth then show likest God's
When mercy seasons justice."—Shakespeare.

(5) "O Prince, O chief of many throned powers,
That led the embattled seraphim to war
Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds
Fearless, endanger'd heaven's perpetual King,
And put to proof his high supremacy,
Whether upheld by strength or chance, or fate;
Too well I see and rue the dire event,
That with sad overthrow, and foul defeat,
Has lost us heaven, and all this mighty host
In horrible destruction laid thus low,
As far as gols and heavenly essences
Can perish: for the mind and spirit remains
Invincible, and vigour soon returns,

Though all our glory extinct, and happy state
Here swallow'd up in endless misery."-Milton.
(6) THE BATTLE OF THE ALMA.

At break of day the bugle sang to herald the advance
Of the flower of British champions and chivalry of France,
And on the mountain crests appear'd the armies of the Czar,
In all the proud magnificence and pageantry of war!

66

The noble deeds of olden days the soldiers' hearts inspire,
The mighty soul of England woke with all her ancient fire-
And ev'ry warlike spirit glow'd with hope and manly pride,
As the British march'd to battle with the brave French side by side!
Fast-fast-the eager skirmishers dash forward from our lines,
And clear and shrill the rifle rang amid the Alma's vines ;
And brightly shone the rising sun on helmet plume, and glaive,
As onward spread our serried ranks like wave succeeding wave.
On-on we press'd-invincible-adown the deep ravine-
Our Allies cried Vive l'Empereur," and we "God save our Queen;"
Yet as we rush'd to scale the heights, from fort and ambuscade,
Our brave companions fell beneath the deadly cannonade!
Then forward sprang our Royal Duke-the Cambrian Fusiliers—
Hibernia's valiant phalanx-our throne-guard grenadiers-
And Campbell's noble Highlanders, as fearless as of yore,
Their fathers held their heath-clad hills with target and claymore!
On thro' the iron tempest undauntedly they press'd—
And charging up the steep ascent, their bayonets swept the crest,
'Till side by side in triumph soar'd above the death-strown gorge,
Napoleon's golden Eagles-and the Red Cross of St. George!
Then thro' the sombre shroud of war far flash'd the frequent glare.
As shell and rocket blaz'd and burst o'er battery and square!
The hosts of the Imperial Guard are scatter'd on the plain,
And wildly flies with shiver'd lance the Cossack of Ukraine!
Oh! praised be the Lord our God--the work of death is done-
And honor'd be the fallen brave-with whom that fight was won;
Their blood hath seal'd our sacred league-what tyrant foe shall dare
The Eagle from the thunder-cloud-the Lion from his lair!

ROSCOE MONGAN.

PART III-PUNCTUATION.

354. Punctuation is the art of dividing a written composition into sentences, or parts of sentences, by means of points or stops.

Obs.-Punctuation indicates the different pauses, which the sense and an accurate pronunciation require.

355. The principal stops are the Comma (,), Semicolon (;), Colon (:) the Period or full stop (.), Note of Interrogation (?), Note of Exclamation (!) and the Dash (-):

Obs.-The comma indicates a portion cut off; the semicolon denotes half a member (of a sentence); the colon, a member; the period indicates that a sentence is complete, both in the construction and sense intended.

356. The Comma denotes the shortest pause; the semicolon, a pause longer than the comma; the colon, a pause longer than the semicolon; and the period, a pause longer than the colon.

Obs. 1 -The old plan of marking a comma by a pause sufficiently long to count one; a semicolon, by counting two; a colon, by counting three; and a period by counting four, should not be taken as an invariable rule, yet it shows the relative value of the stops.

Obs. 2.-"In reading," observes Dr. Latham, "there is a pause which is less than a comma, and is not expressed in writing; it is called in prose, the rhetorical pause; in poetry, the cæsural pause."

I. THE COMMA.'

357. The Comma separates those parts of a sentence, which, though closely connected in sense and construction, require a short pause between them.'

1 It is a very common practice, when the subject of a simple sentence is long, or when it consists of a sentence, or of an infinitive mood with words modifying it, to place a comma immediately before the predicate; as,

A steady and undivided attention to one subject, is a sure mark of a superior mind.'

That men are afflicted with sorrow and misery, is frequently the consequence of their own actions,'

BEDFORD'S Canons of Punctuation,

358. RULE I. When the constituent parts of a simple sentence stand in their natural order, they should not be separated by any point whatever; as, "Temperance preserves health."

Obs.-The constituent elements are the subject and the predicate; the natural order of the words is, 1. the subject (with attributes); 2. the predicate; 3. the object (with attributes); 4. the adverb; the adverb may also be placed either before or after the predicate.

359. RULE II.-The simple members of a compound sentence are separated by commas; as, "He studies diligently, and makes great progress."

Obs.-The co-ordinate members of a compound sentence are separated by semicolons; (see canon 1. p. 223 )

360. RULE III.-Two words of the same part of speech, when coupled by a conjunction expressed, do not admit a comma between them; as, John and James were there;" Religion expands and elevates the mind."

Exceptions. But the comma is inserted between the words, (1.) When the coniunction is not expressed; as, "He is a clever, industrious man ;" but in this case the comma is not inserted, when two or more adjectives do not express different qualities of the noun, but when one adjective merely modifies the other; as, "Dark brown hair." (2.) When the words connected are emphatically distinguished; as, "He was learned, but not pedantic; positive, but not supercilious." (3.) Two words connected by the disjunctive or, must have a comma between them, if the latter part of the sentence be explanatory of the former; as, "We saw a large opening, or inlet." "The figure is a sphere, or globe."

361. RULE IV.-When words in the same construction are joined in pairs by a conjunction, they are separated in pairs by a comma; as, "Hope and fear, pleasure and pain, diversify our lives."

'The tendency in modern English is to dispense with commas as far as a regard to the sense will allow. If very numerous. they distract the attention, without affording proportionate help to the meaning. The Handbook of the English Tongue.

362. RULE V.-When more than two words are connected in the same construction by conjunctions expressed or understood, a comma is inserted after each of them except the last, and the last word, if a noun (but not if an adjective) must also be separated from the verb by a comma; as, "Grammar, geography, and history, are useful studies." "Alfred was a wise, good, and valiant king."

363. RULE VI. (a.) The case absolute; (b.) words used in a direct address; (c.) the infinitive absolute; (d.) and quotations closely connected with the context are stopped off by commas; as,'

(a.) "The prince, his father being dead, succeeded to the throne." (b.) "I remain, sir, your obedient servant."

(c.) "To speak candidly, he forgot the message."

(d.) "I say unto you all, watch."

364. RULE VII.—A comma is generally inserted where a finite verb is understood; as, "Anger prompts men to contention; avarice, to oppression.

365. RULE VIII-A word or phrase emphatically repeated is separated by commas; as, "Few, few shall part where many meet;' ;" "Turn ye, turn ye, why will ye die?"

366. RULE IX.-The inverted adjuncts of simple sentences are stopped off by commas; as, "To God, nothing is impossible;" that is, [in the natural or uninverted order] "Nothing is impossible to God."

Obs. 1. (a.) Adjectives and participles, when something depends on them, are generally stopped off by commas; as, "His vehemence of spirit, prone to extremes, betrays his judgment." "He returned, accompanied by a friend." (b.) But when an adjective or a participle immediately follows, and is taken in a restrictive sense, the comma should not be used before it; as, "In a work published recently."

'If the case absolute occur in the middle of a sentence, it requires a comma before and after it. Example

"God, from the mount of Sinai, whose grey top

Shall tremble, he descending, will himself

Ordain them laws."-Milton.

SMALLFIELD's Principles of Punctuation.