RULE XVIII. (a.) The Relative Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, and the verb must agree with it accordingly; as, "The boy who studies;" "The books which were lost."

Obs.-The relative does not necessarily agree in case with its ante cedent. The relative is (b.) in the nominative, when it is the subject of the verb; as, 66 The boy, who studies, is praised;" (c.) in the pos sessive, when it denotes the possessor; as, Here is the boy, whose books were lost;" (d) in the objective when it is governed by a verb or preposition; as, "This is the friend whom I expected."

EXERCISE XVIII.

(a.) He who trust in the Almighty, will never be without a friend. He possessed that degree of imagination and judgment, which characterize a man of a very high order. (b.) If he will not hear his best friend, whom shall be sent to admonish him? He is a man whom, as far as my observation extends, will not disgrace your patronage. (d.) Those who have laboured to make us wise and good, are the persons, who we ought to love and respect. Who did you send the parcel to? I cannot tell who to compare them to. Who should I meet the other day but my old friend.

Exercise on the Notes. (1.) We met two gentlemen, one of which I had known for some years. The animals whom you describe are natives of India. The infant who was in the cradle appeared healthy. (2.) He drew up a petition where he too freely represented his own merits. I know of no rules how it may be done. (3.) Some men are too ignorant to be humble, without which there can be no docility. Be accurate in all you say and do, for it is important in all the concerns of life.

Who is now applied only to persons; as, The boy who writes;" and sometimes to irrational animals personified; as, "The old crow who advised the young one." Which is applied to infants, irrational animals, and inanimate objects, as, "The infant which we saw ;" ." The horse which ran ;" "The rain which has fallen." (See p. 49, note 2.) The antecedent is sometimes implied in a possessive pronoun; as, "Can I believe his love will lasting prove,

Who has no reverence for the God I love ?"—Crabbe. 2 An adverb must not be used where a preposition and a relative pronoun would better express the relation of the terms; as, "A cause where [for in which] justice is so much concerned."

3 An adjective must never be an antecedent (for a pronoun cannot ex. press a concrete quality as such, nor properly convert it into an ab. stract quality,) thus, "Be attentive, without which you will learn no thing," should be, "Be attentive, for without attention you will learn nothing."

RULE XIX. (a.) Collective Nouns require the relative which or that; as, "He instructed the crowds, which surrounded him."

(b.) But if plurality of persons is directly denoted they require the relative who; as, "The people, who knew him, praised his conduct."

Obs. Who must not be used for whose and its governing noun, thus, "Nero, who was only another name for cruelty," should be, "Nero, whose name was only another word for cruelty."

EXERCISE XIX.

(a.) The court who was then most splendid, was that of France. The army was divided into battalions, each of whom was composed of men from the same country. (b.) A human law is only the expression of the desire of a multitude, which have power to punish. One sect there was, whom, from unfortunate temporary causes, it was thought necessary to keep under close restraint. (c.) It is no wonder if such a man did not shine at the court of Queen Elizabeth, who was only another name for prudence and economy.

Exercise on the Notes. (1. a.) It is the best which can be obtained. Solomon was one of the wisest men whom the world ever saw. These are the same arguments which were then adduced. All the letters which you sent, were received. Send me any of these books which you can. (1. b.) The wife and fortune which he gained did not aid him. Ulysses spoke of the men and cities which he had seen. Those are soldiers and horses, which you see in the distance. (1. c.) Who is he who has just

entered the room? He was the first who entered.

(a.) That is used instead of who, or which; after adjectives in the superlative degree; after the words, same and all, and often after some and any.

(b.) When the antecedent consists of two nouns, the one requiring who and the other which; as, "The man and the horse, that we saw yesterday, or when the gender of a noun is doubtful; as, "He spake to the little child that was placed in the midst."

(c.) After the interrogative who, and after ordinal adjectives; as, "Who is he that has called me?" "He was the first that came. That is frequently used to prevent ambiguity and the too frequent repetition of who or which.

That may represent nouns of any kind, and it is often used alone, when a preposition and a relative would otherwise be required; as, "On the day that thou eatest thereof, thou shalt surely die."

RULE XX. When the Relative is preceded by antecedents of different persons, it and the verb generally agree in person with the latter antecedent; as, "You are the boy that deserves the prize.”

Obs.-The relative must always agree with the subject of the verb whether the subject be next the relative or not, but the actual subject is generally placed next the relative. "I am the colonel who command the regiment," and "I am the colonel who commands the regiment," are both correct, but with different meanings. In the former sentence the antecedent to who is I, and in the second the antecedent is colonel. It would be better in the former sentence to say, “I, who command the regiment am the colonel."

EXERCISE XX.

(In the following, it is intended that the relative shall refer to the words person and one.) I am the person who do these things. I am one who never advise such things. (In the fol lowing it is intended that the relative shall refer to the word I. Transpose the sentences.) I am the general who gives the command. I am the master who keeps this school.

Exercise on the Notes. (1.) Is it you that have broken this window? (2.) The gentleman who was here, and that you introduced to me is very learned. The engagements that he has seen, and of which he gave us an account, were severe. They are men who scorn a mean action, and that would exert themselves for any one's happiness. (3.) Thou art the Lord, who sees us in all our ways. I am the Lord who teacheth thee these things, and who guide thee from evil. (4.) I dislike persons. whose own interest engrosses all their consideration, and their whole attention is bestowed on themselves.

1 In such interrogations as the following, the relative and the verb must agree with the former nominative; as, "Is it you that has bought this book," that is "Is the person who has bought this book you?'

2 Through a series of clauses, an antecedent must, generally, be followed by the same relative; as, "He is a man whom I respect, and whom I have long known."

3 When we address the Deity, the relative generally agrees with the former of two antecedents; as, "Thou art the Lord, who hatest iniquity." The verb also must agree with the same relative as its nominative, thus, "I am the Lord who protecteth and savest thee," should be, "who protecteth and saveth thee."

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The pronoun must not be varied, when continuation of the same relative is intended; thus in the sentence, "O shut not up my soul with the sinners, in whose hands is wickedness, and their right hand is full of gifts," the expression "their right hand," should be whose right hand."

RULE XXI-To prevent ambiguity, the relative should be placed as near as possible to its antecedent; thus, "The soldier struck his officer, who was insubordinate;" should be, "The soldier, who was insubordinate, struck his officer."

EXERCISE XXI.

The king dismissed his ministers without any inquiry, who had never before committed so unjust an action. There is a certain majesty in simplicity, which is far above the quaintness of wit. He is like a beast of prey, who destroys without pity. The soldier was tried and punished for his offence, who disobeyed his officer. He entertained a profound veneration for his native place, which increased with his years. There are millions of people in the empire of China, whose support is derived almost entirely from rice.

Exercise on the Notes. (1.) This was the worst thing could happen. There is no saying shocks me so much as this, that a man does not know how to pass his time. This is the letter you sent. He is a man I greatly respect. (2.) Observe them in the order they stand. We proceeded immediately to the place we were directed. My companion remains in the state I left him. The way I do it, is this. All diseases, except what we have mentioned, are curable. (3.) He will not believe but what I am to blame. I had no idea but what the account was true. We tell that we have seen.

Even in familiar language, the relative must not be omitted; thus, "This is the best thing could happen," should be, "This is the best thing that could happen; and, "This is the book I bought," should be, "This is the book which I bought."

The relative and its governing preposition must not be omitted; thus, "He still is in the place you saw him," should be, "He still is in the place in which you saw him.”

3 What must not be used for that, nor that for what; thus, "He will not believe but what I was culpable," should be, "but that I was culpable." "We testify that we have seen," should be “what we have seen." What should not be employed for those which, thus, "All expedients except what we have mentioned,” should be, “except those which."

POSITION OF THE RELATIVE.-The relatives who, which, what, and that, and their compounds are always placed before the verb, as, He who is called must come;" "He whom we expected has arrived;" "Whoever studies attentively, deserves praise.' In poetry, the relative sometimes precedes its antecedent; as,

"Who stops to plunder at this signal hour,

The birds shall tear him and the dogs devour."-Pope.

RULE XXII. (a.) Nouns or pronouns, applied to the same person or thing, and explaining each other, are put in the same case by apposition; as, "Queen Victoria," ," "The River Thames."

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Obs.-(b.) The proper name of a place or territory, when accom panied by the common name, is preceded by of; as, The city of London; "The kingdom of Spain.'

EXERCISE XXII.

(a.) One of his brothers was there, him who was formerly a soldier. Augustus, the Roman emperor, him who succeeded Julius Cæsar, is variously described. One of his sisters, her who lately returned from India, has just died. (b.) The city St. Petersburg is situated on the Neva. The town Penzance is situated in Cornwall. The kingdom Italy comprises Sardinia and other states.

Exercise on the Notes. (1.) Whose orations are these? Cicer. Whom did you meet? He and she. Who gave you there books? Him. To whom did he say so? To him and I. Who were present? John and me. Who broke this window?

Not me. (2.) The Misses Howard are writing letters. The Misses Thompson have arrived. The two Messrs. Harrison were present. The direction on the letter was, "To the Miss How. ards." The parcel was addressed to the two Mrs. Wilson. (3.) The Lords Bishop of Durham and Carlisle. The Lord Commissioners of the Treasury.

A noun or pronoun which answers a question, must agree in case with the pronoun which asks it; as, "Who spoke ?" Ï;" that is, "I [spoke].' "Whose books are these?" "John's;" that is "John's [books]."

2 A complex name is a name consisting of two or more terms considered as one; as, "John Alfred Turner." When two or more nouns in apposition form one complex name or a name and a title, in conver sation the name only must be pluralized; as, "The Miss Hamiltons;" "The Mr. Hamiltons." In addressing letters the title must be plu ralized; as, "To the Misses Hamilton;""To the Messrs. Hamilton." The name only of married ladies must be pluralized in both instances; as, "The Mrs. Howards;" "To the Mrs. Howards."

3 A title not regarded as part of one compound name must be plu ralized, if it refer to more persons than one; as, "Messrs. Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.;" "The Lords Palmerston and Russell;" "The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.'

as,

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A noun is sometimes put in apposition with a clause of a sentence; "He spells badly, a habit which must be corrected."