The same rules shall be observed regarding death certificates as well as for the burial of prisoners of war, due regard being paid to their grade and rank,1 1 Vide H. R. 14, supra, and G. C., art. 4. infra. EXCHANGES. 91. Exchange can not be demanded. The exchange of prisoners is an act of convenience to both belligerents. If no general cartel has been concluded, it can not be demanded by either of them. ON belligerent is obliged to exchange prisoners of war.1 1 G. O. 100, 1863, art. 109. 92. When exchange made.-No exchange of prisoners shall be made except after complete capture, and after an accurate account of them and a list of the captured officers has been taken.1 1 G. O. 100, 1863, art. 110. 93. Exchange of prisoners.-Exchanges of prisoners take place, number for number, rank for rank, disability for disability, with added condition for added condition-such, for instance, as not to serve for a certain period.1 1 G. O. 100, 1863, art. 105. 94. Substitutions. In exchanging prisoners of war such numbers of persons of inferior rank may be substituted as an equivalent for one of superior rank as may be agreed upon by cartel, which requires the sanction of the Government or of the commander of the army in the field.1 1 G. O. 100, 1863, art. 106. 95. Surplus.-The surplus number of prisoners of war remaining after an exchange has taken place is sometimes released either for the payment of a stipulated sum of money or, in urgent cases, of provision, clothing, or other necessaries. Such arrangement, however, requires the sanction of the highest authority. 1 G. O. 100, 1863, art. 108. 96. Persons not entitled to demand treatment of prisoners of war.-" Spies, war traitors, and war rebels, are not exchanged according to the common law of war. The exchange of such persons would require a special cartel, authorized by the Government, or, at a great distance from it, by the chief commander of the army in the field.1 1G, O. 100, 1863, art. 103, 97. In modern wars, exchange of prisoners has not been common, but the foregoing rules state accurately the practice of nations in this regard. 98. Repatriation.-H. R., Art. XX. After the conclusion of peace, the repatriation of prisoners of war shall be carried out as quickly as possible. 99. When repatriation delayed.-The immediate repatriation of prisoners of war is not always possible, due to the following causes: 1. Insufficiency of transport; 2. Obvious risk to captor State in restoring to the vanquished power troops of which it has been deprived; and 3. Some prisoners of war may be undergoing punishment for offenses committed during their imprisonment. whose photograph and signature are hereto attached, is hereby accredited to the Commanding General, United States Army, as with permis news correspondent of the ___ sion to accompany said troops, subject to the Regulations governing Correspondents with Troops in the Field and the orders of the commander of said troops. This pass entitles the correspondent to passage on military railways and, when accommodations are available, on Army transports, with the privileges of a commissioned officer, including purchase of subsistence, forage and indispensable supplies when they can be spared. The bearer of this. (Name.) is a civilian employee of the Army of the United States and He is entitled under the laws of war, if captured, to the privi- (Reverse side completed before signature.) To be four by eight inches, perforated as indicated, bound in books to retain stubs, and numbered CHAPTER V. THE SICK, WOUNDED, AND DEAD. 100. Regulations concerning, where found.-H. R., Art. XXI. The duties of belligerents with regard to the wounded and sick are governed by the Geneva Convention (of 1906).1 1 The convention for the amelioration of the condition of the sick and wounded of armies in the field, July 6, 1906, became operative six months after signature (art. 30). When duly ratified it replaced the convention at Geneva of Aug. 22, 1864, between the contracting states. The latter convention remains operative between those signàtories who did not ratify the subsequent convention of 1906 (art. 31). Other powers were authorized to subsequently ratify the convention of 1906, and it became operative as to them within one year from date of ratification in case no one of the parties filed an objection thereto (art. 32). Any party to this convention can denounce the same by written notice. Such denunciation becomes operative one year after receipt of such written notice (art. 33). 101. Duties of neutral powers. The duties of neutral powers as regards wounded and sick, who are permitted to enter their territories, are dealt with in the "Convention concerning the rights and duties of neutral powers and persons" at The Hague in 1907.1 66 1 Convention V of The Hague relates to The rights and duties of neutral persons in warfare on land." Convention XIII relates to neutral rights and duties in maritime war. THE SICK AND WOUNDED. 102. Care of, obligatory.-G. C., Art. I, par. 1. Officers, soldiers, and other persons officially attached to armies, who are sick or wounded, shall be respected and cared for, without distinction of nationality, by the belligerent in whose power they are. 103. What persons included.-This provision extends to all belligerents, as previously defined, who may be described as all those persons who may demand the treatment and privileges accorded to prisoners of war.1 1 Vide ante, Ch. III, pars. 42 and Ch. IV. 104. Inhabitants not included.-It does not impose obligations to aid inhabitants or other persons not officially attached to armies who may be wounded by chance or accident as a result of the hostilities in progress. But the dictates of humanity demand that inhabitants so wounded be aided if the other inhabitants are without facilities to give them proper care, and |