observed the strictest silence with regard to his wife, and that little or nothing can be gathered from his biographers respecting her. The date even of Alighieri's marriage is unknown, though it may safely be conjectured that it took place in or about the year 1293. And as there were seven children born at the time when Dante bade farewell for ever to wife and country in 1301, it may be concluded that his youngest child and only daughter, Beatrice, was then a mere infant.

Boccaccio, says Balbo, is the only old writer by whom Gemma Alighieri is mentioned, and in the quotations which he gives from that author there are no dates. He also states that no memoranda or documents have been discovered relating to Gemma, and that it is not known whether she continued to live in Florence after Dante's de

parture, or whether her death took place before or

after that of her husband.

Dante's two elder sons, Pietro and Jacopo, were with their father at Ravenna when he died in 1321. It is probable, though I believe there is no certainty of it, that it was in the same year Beatrice entered the convent at Ravenna, I. E. C.

MOTTOES AND INSCRIPTIONS ON HOUSES (6th S. x. 225, 292, 441, 511; xi. 42, 77, 134, 195, 261, 303, 342, 401, 504; xii. 12, 65, 162, 262, 322, 403).-I have lately copied on the spt an excellent inscription of this kind, which I think is not included in MISS BUSK's elaborate list of such things. It is of the fifteenth or early sixteenth century, and is painted in large black letters over the main door of a noble house in the little town of Ardetz, in the Ober Engadine. It is this :

Pense, anima fidelis,
Quid respondere velis

Christo venturo de cœlis.

:

labour of common women so abundantly (and so deservedly) glorified.

This house is the most elaborate externally in Ardetz; but that town, and every village of the valley, has many a fine old mansion decked outside with its owner's coat of arms, or with religious emblems and long Latin inscriptions in German text. The nobles of the Engadine, of the Graubunden, of Tyrol, had left their predatory castles and had not yet learnt to be innkeepers. A. J. M.

DANA FAMILY (7th S. ii. 408).-Lieut.-General George Kinnaird Dana was son of the Rev. Edmund Dana; he married, June 11, 1795, Arabella Belinda, sister of Cecil Weld Forester, Baron Forester, and died June 28, 1837, aged sixty-six. He

was lieutenant-colonel of the 6th Garrison Batta

lion, November 25, 1806, to June 11, 1814, and became a lieutenant-general July 22, 1830. FREDERIC BOASE.

15, Queen Anne's Gate, S.W.

WRITING ON SAND (7th S. ii. 369).—The quotation from John viii. 6 jumps on all fours with a recorded anecdote of Gautama Sakyamuni, the Boodha of ancient India. He is reported as performing arithmetical calculations with the "finger on sand." The custom I consider to indicate a cheap and facile method of epigraphy where the ordinary materials are scarce or altogether wanting. The question remains, How old is this process? Did it precede ordinary MSS.? There is some analogy between finger-marks on sand and cuneiform marks impressed on soft clay; there is an analogy between impromptu sand tablets and the carefully prepared waxen tablets of Rome. But what I look to as most important is this: India had a remote civilization of incalculable antiquity, but without any written remains of adequate age. Did the ancient Hindoos vegetate for ages with the use of alphabetic characters merely

written on sand?

LYSART.

In the north of Ireland some sixty years ago the children who attended the humble schools where each scholar brought a peat for firing, and paid twopence extra for manners, were taught their hangers and pothooks by writing them in shallow boxes filled with sand, using their forefingers as pencils. M. DAMANT.

These words, placed where they are, appear singularly happy, for they suggest not only the Last Judgment, but also the text, "Behold I stand at the door and knock": what then will you say to me when you come to answer that knock? Again, to answer the door is the duty of a servant; and the street-front and side (for it is a corner house) of this fair old dwelling are covered with contemporary frescoes and other paintings of female servants. Each shutter of the dining-room, for instance, bears a full-length figure of a maid-servant, carrying a dish of some kind, or a flagon, or a napkin; and over the doorway, above the in- SIR WALTER RALEIGH'S IDEAL (7th S. ii. 267, scription, is a large dilapidated fresco, in which 316).-Your correspondent at the former reference you can still trace the figures of female farm-states that Gascoigne uses the motto "Tam Marti, servants making hay. The maidens remind one of Jobst Ammon's figures; but these paintings give you the colours as well as the form of their dress. I have never seen, in such a position, the common

This word pense, which I believe I copied accurately, should, I suppose, be pensa, imperative of penso.

quam Mercurio," five times in his title-pages, ends, &c., of his books The Steele Glas' and The Complainte of Phylomene,' printed in 1576. If Hazlitt's edition of Gascoigne's' Poems,' 1870, is trustworthy, this statement is incorrect, as the motto is used not five, but seven times.

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

SEAL-SKINS (7th S. i. 507; ii. 57).—We are told by Herodotus (lib. i. 202) that the people near the Caspian Sea clothed themselves in seal-skins. The same thing is related by Strabo of the Massagetæ (lib. xi. p. 781). CONSTANCE RUSSELL. Swallowfield Park, Reading.

TAVERN SIGN, "PLOW AND SAIL" (7th S. ii. 388).-May I suggest that the sail (unless there is pictorial evidence to the contrary) is that of the windmill? You then have indications of the first and last process in the preparation of material for J. ELIOT HODGKIN.

the staff of life.

BRAMBLING (7th S. ii. 327, 393).-Although this is the usual word in Lincolnshire, there is yet another term,-to get "brame-berries," which in some parts of the Wolds is the commoner mode of speaking. Bramble-berries are never called "black-berries" by the farmers or their men. Why should they be? Many other berries are black the "primp" (privet) berries, for instance, of which there are large quantities now ripe in our hedges; but bramble-berries are not only black when they are ripe, but grow upon brambles, of course; so what better name could they have?

Boston, Lincolnshire.

R. R.

CORPUS CHRISTI PLAYS (7th S. ii. 387).-I ought, perhaps, to say that I have (through the kindness of Mr. T. P. Banks) been furnished with the following extract from John Bruce's notes to 'The Diary of John Manningham, 1602-3':

"It is stated in Heywood's 'Apology for Actors' that 'to this day [1612] in divers places of England there be townes that hold the privilege of their fairs and other charters by yearly stage-playes, as at Manningtree in Suffolke, Kendall in the North, and others.'"-Shakespeare Soc. ed., London, 1868, p. 61.

ing on immemorial custom rather than on definite
regulations contained in any written document.
Q. V.

CARDMAKER (7th S. ii. 388).-I would suggest
that "cordwainer" is the right form.
"Cord-
wainer" is shoemaker; Chaucer has "his shoon
of cordewane." This peculiar word is a supposed
corruption of Cordovan, meaning Spanish leather.
"Cord" is often pronounced "card," so "card"=
shoe; the affix "maker" is correct and intelligible.
The French cordonnier is a compound similarly
formed.
A. H.

A LOST BOOK BY CHARLES LAMB (7th S. ii. 387).-MR. NOEL will find 'Prince Dorus' in Charles and Mary Lamb's 'Poetry for Children,' edited by Mr. R. H. Shepherd, 1878, pp. 181-96. The full title of the original is, according to Mr. Shepherd, "Prince Dorus; or, Flattery put out of Countenance. A Poetical Version of an Ancient Tale. Illustrated with a Series of Elegant Engravings. Price 2s. 6d. coloured, or 1s. 6d. plain. London, printed for M. J. Godwin at the Juvenile Library, No. 41, Skinner Street, 1811" (note, p. 222). In the introduction the editor states that "through the kindness of Mr. J. C. Macgregor, of Kubride, Dunoon, Argyleshire, we have been enabled to add this interesting and forgotten little piece to the present reprint of the Poetry for Children'" (p. xv).

6

G. F. R. B.

'Prince Dorus' is not quite a lost book." I have a copy-almost unique, I believe-of what I take to be the original edition, a tiny volume 5 in. by 4 in., pp. 31. It is entitled "Prince Dorus; or, Flattery put out of Countenance. A Poetical Version of an Ancient Tale. Illustrated with a Series of Elegant Engravings. London, printed for M. J. Godwin at the Juvenile Library, No. 41, Skinner Street, and to be had of all Booksellers and Toymen in the United Kingdom. 1818." I think the poem was republished a few years ago with some other works of Lamb, but I have no reference. SAMUEL FOxall.

Edgbaston.

'A DICTIONARY OF KISSES' (7th S. ii. 368).— There must be an error in the title, as the late sheet of a Dictionary of Synonyms,' the collection Mr. Jermyn, of Southwold, published a specimen of which had occupied him for many years. I fear he did not receive sufficient encouragement either from the public or the publishers to print the work. The MSS. are most likely still in the hands of his surviving daughter.

W. E. C.

It does not appear from the then existing Kendal charter that it was held upon any such condition. The two fairs granted by Queen Elizabeth (on the eves, days, and morrows of St. Mark and SS. Simon and Jude) are not subject to any proviso, save that "ferie ille non sint ad nocumentum aliarum vicinarum feriarum." I do not know whether copies of the grants to the lords of Kendal Manor of the other two fairs can be found at this IZAAK WALTON'S CLOCK (7th S. ii. 459).—I date, though they would doubtless be enrolled in should like a further description of this clock. Chancery. My impression is that the condition as As Izaak Walton lived from 1593 to 1683-a long to stage plays (if it existed) would be one depend-period-it would be very interesting to have some

Beccles.

account of the form and movement: whether it afterwards Countess of Harrington. The lady got was a bracket clock or a tall clock in a wooden 3,000l. damages. "Annotated edition," vol. ii. case; whether it had a long or short pendulum, p. 32. R. B. and any other particulars; and what has been its history, as the owner was well known.

OCTAVIUS MORGAN.

[The clock which we have seen is a tall clock in a

wooden case inlaid. Its maker we have already named. It belonged for many years to an angling society, and can now be seen at Mr. Sabin's in Garrick Street. ]

HAMERTON FAMILY (6th S. iv. 208).-Possibly it may interest MR. J. H. CRUMP to know that a bell in Cowthorpe Church bears the name of "Brian Rocliff," with the arms of Roucliffe (Per pale, a chevron between three leopards' heads erased) and Hamerton (Arg., three hammers sa.). J. E. POPPLETON.

128, Doncaster Road, Barnsley.

Upton.

CONVICTS SHIPPED TO THE COLONIES (7th S. ii. 162)." On the revolt of the New England colonies," says the Encyclopædia Britannica,' "the convict establishments in America were no longer available." Bristol authorities are said to have sent petty culprits abroad as slaves for profit. Blackstone also (Commentaries,' vol. iv. p. 371) speaks of courts authorized about 1718, instead of burning in the hand or whipping certain offenders, at their discretion to direct them to be transported to America. This by-way of history has been little explored by historians. To what extent were such convicts transported to the United States? Who will send to N. & Q.' details, with names, dates, JAMES D. BUTLER. places, and numbers? Madison, Wis., U.S.

MONASTIC NAMES (7th S. ii. 48, 154, 269, 376).

BURTON'S MONASTICON EBORACENSE' (7th S. ii. 427).—I wish to bear my emphatic testimony in favour of the proposal that the second volume of this most valuable work should be published, by subscrip--Allow me to point out (without attacking the tion or otherwise. At the same time, however, the first volume, published in 1758, and now difficult to procure, should be re-edited and brought down to date. ISAAC TAYLOR.

PRINGLE, TAIT, SYMINGTON (7th S. ii. 288).— For information relating to the parish of Stow see the New Statistical Account of Scotland' (1845), vol. i. pp. 398-433; and Groome's 'Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland' (1885), vol. vi.

G. F. R. B.

HOVELLER (7th S. ii. 20).—This word is still in use, but is not, so far as I know, applied to vagrants, but to amateur or non-certificated pilots or seafaring men who are employed by captains of vessels not well acquainted with the coast to bring their ships into port. They are only engaged in cases where it is not compulsory to have a regular pilot, and get a smaller remuneration. In 1883 I crossed the North Sea from Harwich to Rotterdam by the steamer Lady Tyler, and had a long chat with a sailor on duty, who gave me the information quoted above, and stated he had often acted as a 66 hoveller."

main question of the date of monastic names)
that, according to Alban Butler, St. Winfrid will
not serve as an instance of their early use, but the
reverse. Alban Butler (Lives of the Saints,'
vol. i. p. 739) says, "Willebald tells us that on
this occasion the Pope changed his rugged northern
name of Winfrid into that of Boniface, joining it to
that of Winfrid." Now "the occasion" to which
allusion is made is that of his being consecrated
bishop. He went to Rome to get his mission ap-
proved in 723, and in the slow way Rome works it
was probably a year or two, at the least, before he
got his sanction and consecration, so that he must
have been a monk a good many years before this
I have already had
change of name occurred.
occasion to quote (6th S. x. 375) that Butler points
out in another place that the change of name in
this instance was a mere translation.
R. H. BUSK.
NAPOLEON MEDALS (7th S. ii. 428).-A large
collection of casts from these medals is to be found
in the museum at Whitby.
R. B.
Upton.

HISTORY OF HOWDEN (7th S. ii. 388).-In reply to the query of C. B., I may state that the following works may assist him: James Savage's History of Howden Church,' 36 pages, 8vo., 1799; Thomas Clark's Hist. of Church and Parish and Manor of Howden,' 88 pages, 8vo., 1851. In 'Collectanea Topog. et Geneal.,' vol. vii. p. 401, there is a good account of the Girlington family, at one time in possession of Sandall, an estate in the neighbourhood of Howden. A small work was published, entitled 'Howden in 1644,' by T. Clark, Esq., no date, in which some account of the Arlush family is given. Beyond these,

information of an interesting character may be dundant. Probably the second syllable may mean
obtained from the following works: Dug- a "brook or rivulet." Though situated on what
dale's Monast.,' vi. 1473; Rev. E. Goodall's is geologically styled Suffolk crag, yet there are
'Howden Nonconformity: Two Centuries of Free many excellent springs of water, and a brook flow-
Church History,' 18mo., 76 pages, Howden, ing perennially as clear as the Horatian "fons
1880; Yorkshire Archeol. and Topog. Journal, Bandusiæ splendidior vitro." In Northumberland,
vol. ix. p. 384, a very valuable paper on the on the banks of the Tyne, some five miles higher
Ancient Manor House of the Bishops of Durham up that river than Newcastle, is situated the large
at Howden,' by the present vicar, the Rev. W. parish of Newburn, and, as is well known, the
Hutchinson, M.A.
term "burn" is of usual application to a brook or
stream in the northern part of England and in
Scotland. In Lincolnshire there is the small town
Bourne, and the word occurs as a suffix in the
names of many parishes in England. Milton cer-
tainly uses the word in 'Comus,' presented at

The Field, Swinfleet.

GEO. WEST.

In a local bookseller's catalogue (Dodgson's, Park Row, Leeds) I find the following works mentioned which may be of use to C. B.: (1) Howden in the Month of April, 1644'; (2) 'History of the Parish and Manor of Howden,' by Clarke, 1850. M. H. P.

The only book which appears under this title in Anderson's 'Book of British Topography' (1881) is Savage's History of Howden Church.' This is but a small book of some thirty-five pages, and was published in 1799. G. F. R. B.

BATHING MACHINES (7th S. ii. 67, 135, 214, 295, 394).-The following extract is from Brayley's 'Delineations, Historical and Topographical, of the Isle of Thanet,' 1817, under "Margate":

"These machines were invented about fifty years ago by a Quaker of this town, named Benjamin Beale,who is stated to have ruined himself by bringing them into use, and whose widow died a few years ago in Drapers' Almshouses, aged upwards of ninety. This ancient dame remembered the first family that ever resorted to Margate for the purpose of bathing being carried into the sea in

a covered cart."

NATH. J. HONE. LUNDY'S LANE (7th S. ii. 428).-Major-General Riall commanded the British troops. He was wounded and taken prisoner after giving orders to his force to retire. This movement was arrested by MajorGeneral Gordon Drummond, who arrived with reinforcements, and eventually drove back the Americans, who were under Major-General Brown, also wounded. The British loss was 878 and that of the Americans 854 and two guns. The action was fought chiefly at night, and the sound of the roar of Niagara was heard on the field of battle. Although we gained no brilliant victories on the Canadian frontier, yet Queenstown, Crystler's Farm, Chateauguay, and a few other conflicts were successes, while in the south the victory of Bladensberg gave us possession of Washington.

Read

Ludlow Castle in 1634:

"Comus. I know each lane and every alley green,
Dingle, or bushy dell of this wild wood,
And every bosky bourn from side to side,
My daily walks and ancient neighbourhood.
V. 312-15.

JOHN PICKFORd, M.A.

I take it that Shakspere preferred the sound of
bourne to distinguish the sound of borne, a bound-
In order to do this
ary, from born, natione:
effectually the has to be duplicated, and that
naturally produces the broad o, represented in type
A. H.
by ou.
[Many correspondents supply the quotation from
Milton.]

DEATH OF SIR CLOUDESLEY SHOVEL (6th S.
x. 88, 150, 250, 334, 432, 518; xi. 136; 7th S. ii.
337, 393).-In giving the chief dates in the life of
Mrs. (Ann) Blackwood, younger daughter of Sir
Cloudesley Shovel, I inadvertently omitted that
of her death, October 20, 1741. Her will, dated
May 13, 1737, was proved in the P. C. C. Novem-
ber 12, 1741 (Register Book" Spurway," f. 294,
in the Probate Registry, Somerset House).

5, Chesterfield Street, Mayfair.

R. MARSHAM.

Then Bogey'd have you, as sure as eggs are eggs.

James's 'Account of the late War,' Thomson's Also, in 'The Babes in the Wood:

'Sketches of the War' (Philadelphia), and 'Letters
of Veritas' (Montreal). HENRY F. PONSONBY.
[Very many replies to a similar effect are acknow-
ledged.]

BOURNE (7th S. ii. 389). This little parish in East Anglia from which I write is named Newbourne, though perhaps the final e may be re

And devoted himself to old Bogey.
CUTHBERT Bede.
The following instance in print of Bogie as a
surname may be of interest :-

Faulkner, of his majesty's ship the Bellona, of 74 guns,
"Admiralty Office. Extract of a letter from Captain
to Mr. Clevland, dated Aug. 21, 1761, in Lisbon river.
......I must also beg leave to acquaint their lordships,

Inatus

Hull.

L. L. K.

ST. WINNOCK (7th S. i. 288, 337).—Some months ago I read in N. & Q.' an inquiry as to the nationality of St. Winnock. I have always understood that he was one of the early Scottish saints, and had given his name to the parish of Loch Winnock, in Renfrewshire, as well as in some old writings to the fine sheet of water so well known to the Scottish curlers within the policy of Castle Semple, the seat of Mr. James Widdrington Shand Harvey, now called Castle Semple Loch, in the same parish. SCOTUS.

HOGARTH ENGRAVINGS (7th S. ii. 228, 311).— Will F. G. S. kindly specify what are the distinMORES (7th S. ii. 408).—For an account of Ed-guishing marks of the four states of the 'Sleeping ward Rowe Mores see his own history of Tunstall, Congregation'? The books, so far as I know, only in the Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica,' vol. i., mention three. His description of the publication with Gough's memoir of him and his family in the lines of the Four Stages of Cruelty' would not preface. Also Nichols's' Literary Anecdotes of the seem at first sight to be quite precise, but in a Eighteenth Century,' where numerous references later part of his letter he sets the matter right. The to him will be found in the index, vol. vii. p. 275. set the publication lines of which he quotes conI have his book-plate. sisted of plates i., iii. and iv. on fine paper, plate ii. on common paper; each of the four plates were published "price 1s. 6d." on fine paper, and price 18." on common paper.

Hastings.

C. R. MANNING.

6

EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M. A.

66

He was born at Tunstall, in Kent, 1730, was a friend of Romaine, originated the Equitable Assurance Company, and died 1778. See Cooper's BioNo paintings by Hogarth are recorded of graphical Dictionary' and (at some length) Chal-'Industry and Idleness,' 'The Four Stages of mers's Biographical Dictionary.' Cruelty, Beer Street,' or 'Gin Lane.' The original designs for 'Industry and Idleness' are in pen and indian ink-ten of them were in Horace Walpole's collection, the remaining two in Dr. Lort's. Dr. Lort had also the original designs, in red chalk, of The Four Stages of Cruelty,' 'Beer Street,' and 'Gin Lane,' the authenticity of which is vouched for by Richard Livesey in a note appended to Lord Charlemont's impression of the print of 'Beer Street.' Dr. Lort's collection was sold by Messrs. Sotheby in May, 1791, and again on Aug. 2, 1872, on which occasion it was broken up. J. R. JOLY.

A memoir of Edward Rowe Mores, of some length, is in Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary.' C. F. S. WARREN, M.A. Treneglos, Kenwyn, Truro.

MCKILLOP FAMILY (7th S. ii. 407).-Mr. George Burnett, Lord Lyon King of Arms, Edinburgh, could doubtless furnish information respecting this family. The late Capt. McKillop, Royal Navy, a distinguished officer, who performed a very gallant and memorable action with the steamer under his command in the Strait of Kertch during the Crimean War, subsequently held high command in Egypt, and, I believe, became "McKillop Pasha." There must be some memorial of his career in naval biography. He died certainly

after 1865.

J. STANDISH HALY.

AARON'S BREASTPLATE (7th S. ii. 428).-No certain answer can be given to the question of R. M. S. Josephus (Antiq.,' III. vii. 5) allots the stones to the tribes in strict order of birth of the patriarchs, which order R. M. S. will find in Gen. xxix., xxx. The Tarquinists allot them in order of birth from the four mothers successively; this order R. M. S. can also gather from the same reference. I am no Hebraist, and cannot speak positively; but the general scope of the passage seems to me to point to the order of Josephus. C. F. S. WARREN, M.A.

Treneglos, Kenwyn, Truro,

EDITION (7th S. ii. 406). — All middle-aged people must become painfully sensible that some words change their meanings in popular applica tion, while others get superseded altogether. It would thus appear that the vast development of stereotyping has made the word "issue" a partial substitute for the word "edition," and that from trade competition our "editions" have become so varied and numerous that the word itself has altered its meaning, or rather its application; so people do ask for an edition of Tennyson or Longfellow when they mean a particular copy only, but describing the edition, which thus becomes synonymous with "copy." Thus we say "the five-shilling edition" or the "cheap edition," and become content with one copy as a substitute. It works by elision thus: "Give me [a copy of] the cheap edition of Ingoldsby"; it is rational and becomes lucid by reiteration, and by such usage the word suffers. So far as mere stereotype repro