of Peru follow the nature of its different climates. and 1,723 mestizoes; produce, Indian corn, potatoes Wine, oil, and sugar, are the most valuable pro-and cattle; annual value 20,103 dollars. ductions of the coast; corn and wheat of the valleys, and bark and cocoa of the mountains. The annual product of the mines is valued at 4,500,000 dollars. The population of the vice royalty is calculated at 1,076,997 souls. It is divided into seven intendencies, compre hending fifty-one districts; the latter governed by sub-delegates responsible to the intendent, who is under the direction of the superintendent ge neral, a dignity always invested in the vice roy. The vice royalty contains five dioceses. Lima, the capital of Peru, is situated in 12 deg. 2 min. 51 sec. S. lat. and 70 deg. 50 min. 51 sec. longitude, and was founded by Don Francisco Pizarro, in 1535. ro. Notwithstanding the frequent earthquakes which destroyed the city in the years 1586, 1630, 1655, 1687, and 1764, Lima occupies an era of ten miles circumference, including the suburb of San LazaThe population amounts to 52,627 inhabitants, 292 clergy, 991 religious monks and friars, 572 nuns, 84 beatas, 17,215 Spaniards and white Cre oles, 3,912 Indians, 8,960 negroes, and the remainder, intermediate classes, mixtures of the others. The intendency of Lima comprehends 74 docuri nas, (curacies) 3 cities, 5 towns, and 173 town ships-population 149,112 souls, 431 clergy, 1,100 religious, 572 nuns, 84 beatas, 22,370 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 63,180 Indians, 13,747 mestizoes, 17,864 mulattoes, and 29,763 slaves. It is divided into eight districts, in the following order: Chancay comprehends 9 doctrinas, 2 towns, and 28 townships, and is inhabited by 13,945 souls, 18 clergy,, 15 religious, 969 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 7,510 Indians, 1,081 mestizoes, 759 free mulattoes, and 3,604 slaves; produce, grain, sugar and cattle; annual value 465,504 dollars 4 rials. Santa comprehends 7 doctrinas, and 14 townships, and is inhabited by 3,334 souls, 10 clergy. 279 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 873 Indians, 1,237 mestizoes, 108 free mulattoes, and 827 slavest produces sugar, grain and cattle; annual value 245,000 dollars. Intendency of Cuzco.-The city of Cuzco, capital of the former Incas, is situated 13 degrees 32 minutes 20 seconds south latitude, 65 degrees 15 minutes 20 seconds longitude. It was founded in the eleventh century by Manco Capac, and taken possession of by Francisco Pizarro in 1534. The population is estimated at 32,082 souls, 89 clergy, 436 religious, 166 nuns, 113 beatas, 16,122 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 14,254 Indians, 203 negroes, and the remainder mestizoes and mulattoes. The intendency of Cuzco, comprehends 102 doctrinas, 1 city, 2 towns, 131 townships, inhabited by 216,382 souls, 315 clergy, 474 religious recluses, 166 runs, 113 beatas, 31.828 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 159,105 Indians, 23,104 mestizoes, 993 free mulattoes, and 283 slaves. Cercado del Cuzco comprehends 8 doctrinas, 1 city, inhabited by 32.082 souls, 89 clergy, 436 religious recluses, 166 nuns, 113 beatas, 16,122 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 14,254 Indians, 646 free mulattoes, 203 slaves, the remainder mestizoes. Produces grain, and manufactures some woolen and cotton stuffs. Cercado De Lima.-This district comprehends 14 curacies, 1 city, 6 townships, and contains a po pulation of 62,910 souls; 309 clergy, 991 religious, 572 nuns, 84 beatas, 18,319 Spaniards and Spanish Abancay. This district comprehends 9 doctriCreoles, 9,744 Indians, 4,879 mestizoes, 10,231 free nas and 8 townships, inhabited by 25,259 souls, 33 people of color, and 17,881 slaves. The principal clergy, 1,937 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 18,419 produce is fruit, honey, sugar, and vegetables, Indians, 4,739 mestizoes, 50 free mulattoes, 81 which are consumed in the capital to the amount slaves. Produces sugar, cotton, grain, and cocoa; of 500,000 dollars per annum. Canete. This district comprehends 7 curacies, one city, one town, and 4 townships. It is inhabited by 12,616 souls; 15 clergy, 19 religious, 465 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 7,025 Indians, 737 mestizoes, 992 free people of color, 3,363 slaves. Produce, sugar, grain, and some nitre; annual value 350,000 dollars. The district of Ica comprehends ten curacies, one city, two towns, and three townships. Inhabitants 20,576, 22 clergy, 72 religious, 2,158 Spa niards and Spanish Creoles, 6,607 Indians, 3,405 mestizoes, 4,305 free people of color, 4,004 slaves. A copper mine is wrought in this district; which also produces brandy, olives, and some sugar, and manufactures glass and soap-annual value 588,742 dollars 4 rs. Yaugos comprehends 7 curacies and 25 town ships. It is inhabited by 9,574 souls, 12 clergy, 13 Spaniards and Creoles, 8,005 Indians, 93 mes. tizoes, and 1,451 free people of color. Produce, cattle and sheep; annual value 20,200 dollars. annual value 350,000 dollars: Aymaraes comprehends 16 doctrinas and 34 townships, inhabited by 15,281 souls, 24 clergy, 1 recluse, 4,474 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, and 10,782 Indians. Produces various kinds of dyes, raises cattle, and manufactures some woolen stuffs; annual value 145.000 dollars. Culca and Lares comprehends 5 doctrinas and 6 townships, inhabited by 6,199 souls, 13 clergy, 347 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 5,519 Indians, and 320 mestizoes. Produces grain, cotton, red pepper, cocoa, manufactures some woolen stuffs; annual value 176,239 dollars. Urubamba comprehends 6 doctrinas and 4 townships, and is inhabited by 9,250 souls, 22 clergy, 35 religious, 835 Spaniards and Creoles, 5,164 Indians, and 3,194 mestizoes. Produces grain, cocoa, and a variety of fruits; annual value 89,098 dollars. Colabambas comprehends 13 doctrinas and 14 townships, and is inhabited by 19,824 souls, 19 clergy, 186 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 18,237 Indians and 1,382 mestizoes. Produces Indian corn, Huarochiro comprehends 11 curacies and 35 town-and grain; annual value 20,000 dollars. ships, and is inhabited by 14,024 souls, 25 clergy, Pararo comprehends 9 doctrinas and 19 town220 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 13,084 Indians, ships, inhabited by 20,236 souls, 20 clergy, 1 591 mestizoes, 19 free people of color, and 84 slaves. recluse, 2,331 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, The produce of this district is grain and cattle; and it possesses rich silver mines; annual value not ascertained. Canta comprehends 9 doctrinas and 54 town ships, and is inhabited by 12,133 souls, 20 clergy, 57 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 10,333 Indians, 15,034 Indians, 2,733 mestizoes and 117 free mu. lattoes. Produces grain and cattle, and manufac tures linen cloth; annual value 96,471 dollars. Chumbibilcas comprehends 11 doctrinas and 12 townships, and is inhabited by 15,973 souls, 27 clergy, 4,471 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, and 11,475 Indians. Produces grain, and manufactures mestizoes, 528 free mulattoes, and 253 slaves-pro- 324 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 29,045 Indians, The Intendency of Truxillo.-The city of Truxillo and 72 degrees 44 longitude, founded by Francis Paucartambo comprehends 4 doctrinas and eight townships, and is inhabited by 12,973 souls, 16 clergy, 764 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 11,229 Indians, 957 mestizoes, and 7 mulattoes. Produce, Cercado De Truxillo comprehends 10 doctrinas wood, and cocoa; annual value 390,972 dollars. and 6 townships. Population, 13,032 souls, 144 Intendency of Arequipa.-The city of Arequipa is clergy, 60 religious, 129 nuns, 1.434 Spaniards and situated 16 degrees 13 minutes 29 seconds south Spanish Creoles, 4,577 Indians, 1,549 mestizoes, latitude, 66 degrees 6 minutes 30 seconds longitude. 2,357 free mulattoes, 1,582 slaves. Produce, sugar, Its population is estimated at 23,988 souls, 50 clergy, rice, oil, cotton, and various gums. Annual value, 225 religious, 162 nuns, 5 beatas, 15,737 Spaniards 31,756 dollars. and Spanish Creoles, 1,515 Indians, 4,129 mestizoes; the remainder mulattoes and negroes The Intendency of Arequipa comprehends 60 doctrinas, 2 cities and 2 towns and 8 townships, inhabited by 136,801 souls, 326 clergy, 284 religi ous, 126 nuns, 5 beatas, 39,857 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 66,609 Indians, 17,797 mestizoes, 7,003 free mulattoes, 5,258 slaves. Lambayeque comprehends 20 doctrinas, and 7 townships. Population, 35,192 souls, 62 clergy, 27 religious, 2,299 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 22,333 Indians, 5,448 mestizoes, 3,192 free mulattoes, and 1,831 slaves. Produce, grain, saffron, sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Manufactures, some cotton and woolen stuffs, soap, &c.; annual value, 397,799 dollars. Cercado De Arequipa comprehends 11 doctrinas, Puira comprehends 12 doctrinas, and 14 town1 city and 2 townships, inhabited by 37,721 souls, ships. Population, 44,491 souls, 61 clergy, 18 93 clergy, 325 religious recluses, 162 nuns, 5 beatas, religious, 2,874 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 22,687 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 5,929 In- 24,797 Indians, 10,654 mestizoes, 5,203 free mu dians, 4,908 mestizoes, 2,477 free mulattoes, 1,225 lattoes, and 884 slaves. Produce, grain, cotton, slaves-produce, grain, wine, brandy, sugar, cotton, some indigo, abounds with cattle. Annual value, and oil; annual value 636,800 dollars. 72,686 dollars. Camana comprehends 7 doctrinas and 8 townships, inhabited by 19,052 souls, 34 clergy, 9 religi ous recluses, 5.005 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 1,249 Indians, 1,021 mestizoes, 1,747 free mulattoes, and 887 slaves-produce, wine, sugar, and oil; annual value 300,000 dollars. Condesuyos comprehends 9 doctrinas, and 18 townships, and is inhabited by 20,145 souls, 35 clergy, 3,603 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 12,011 Indians, 4,358 mestizoes, 34 free mulattoes, and 44 slaves-contains gold mines, and produces cochineal and grain; annual value 26,458 dollars. Caxamarca comprehends 17 doctrinas, and 26 townships. Population, 62,199 souts, 23 clergy, 50 religious, 33 nuns, 7,835 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 29,692 Indians, 22,299 mestizoes, 1,875 free mulattoes, and 328 slaves. Produce, grain and cotton, abounds in cattle, and manufactures cotton and woolen stuffs. Annual value. Chota. Not able to ascertain any correct information respecting this district. Possesses rich mines. lars. Huamachuco comprehends 8 doctrinas, and 23 townships. Population, 38,150 souls, 64 clergy, Collaguas comprebends 16 doctrinas and 10 2,273 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 17,117 Intownships, and is inhabited by 13,905 souls, 40 dians, 18,367 mestizoes, 250 free mulattoes, and clergy, 212 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 11,872 79 slaves. Produce, grain and cocoa, and manu. Indians, 1,417 mestizoes, 335 free mulattoes, and factures linen cloths. Annual value, 57,853 dul29 slaves-produce, grain, wool, and manufactures some woolen stuffs; annual value 70,100 dollars. Pataz comprehends 3 doctrinas, and 13 townThe silver mines in this district yield annually ships. Population, 13,508 souls, 11 clergy, 3 34,000 marks. religious, 987 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 4,627 Moquegua comprehends 6 doctrinas, and 6 town- Indians, 7,678 mestizoes, 194 free mulattoes, and ships, and is inhabited by 28,279 souls, 53 clergy, 8 slaves. Produce, grain, sugar, and abounds in 29 religious recluses, 5,596 Spaniards and Spanish cattle. Annual value, 35,264 dollars. The geld Creoles, 17,272 Indians, 2,916 mestizoes, 887 free mines of this district yield 250 pounds per annum, mulattoes, and 1,526 slaves-produce, grain, and and the silver 500 marks.-Value of both $35,500. wine; annual value 705,000 dollars. Arica comprehends 7 doctrinas, 1 city, 26 town ships, inhabited by 18,776 souls, 44 clergy, 21 religious recluses, 1,585 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 12,870 Indians, 1,977 mestizoes, 985 free mulattoes, and 1,294 slaves-produce, wine, grain, cotton, and oil; annual value 160,500 dollars. Chachapoyas comprehends 17 doctrinas, and 60 townships. Population, 25,598 souls, 34 clergy, 11 religious, 1,396 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 12,504 Indians, 10,954 mestizoes, 486 free mulattoes, and 13 slaves. Produce, tobacco, bark, sugar, and cocoa. Intendency of Huamanga.-The city of Huamanga Tarapaca comprehends 4 doctrinas, and 12 town- is situated in 13 degrees 1 minute south latitude, ships, inhabited by 7,923 souls, 27 clergy, 509 Spa- and 68 degrees 6 minutes longitude. Population, niards and Spanish Creoles, 5,406 Indians, 1,200 25,970 souls, 25 clergy, 42 religious, 82 nuns, 169 $ to Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 20,373 Indians, 4,382 mestizoes, and the remainder mulattoes and negroes. The Intendency of Huamanga comprehends 50 doctrinas, 1 city, and 134 townships, and is inhabited by 111,559 souls, 176 clergy, 45 religious, 82 nuns, 5,378 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 75,284 Indians, 29,621 mestizoes, 943 free mulattoes, and 30 slaves. Cercado De Huamanga comprehends 3 doctrinas, and 2 townships, and is inhabited by 25,970 souls, 25 clergy, 42 religious, 82 nuns, 169 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 20,373 Indians, 4,372 mestizoes, 30 slaves; the rest free mulattoes. Possesses some manufactures. Annual value 34,268 dollars. Anco comprehends 1 doctrina, and 4 townships. Inhabited by 2,022 souls, 9 Spaniards, 1,744 Indians, 269 mestizoes. Produce, sugar and coffee. Annual value 18,795 dollars. Huanta comprehends 7 doctrinas, and 20 townships, and is inhabited by 27,337 souls, 45 clergy, 3 religious, 219 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 19,981 Indians, 10,080 mestizoes, and 9 free mulat toes. Congallo comprehends 10 doctrinas, and 31 town. ships, and is inhabited by 12,474 souls, 31 clergy, 62 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 10,011 Indians, 2,363 mestizoes, 7 free mulattoes. Produce, grain and cattle. Andahuaylas.-This district comprehends 10 doctrinas, and 18 townships, and is inhabited by 12,020 souls, 20 clergy, 3,000 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 5,000 Indians, 4,000 mestizoes. Produce, grain and sugar. Annual value 74,384 dol lars. Lucanas comprehends 14 doctrinas and 44 townships, and is inhabited by 15,727 souls, 27 clergy, 862 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 12,700 Indians, 2,076 mestizoes, and 60 free mulattoes. Produce, grain and cattle. Parinacochas comprehends 14 doctrinas, and 16 townships, population 16,011 souls, 28 clergy, 1,057 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 8,475 Indians, and 6,451 mestizoes. Raises cattle and manufactures cotton stuffs. Annual value 56,000 dollars. Intendency of Huancavelica.-The town of Huancavelica is situated in 12 degrees 53 minutes south latitude, and 68 degrees 46 minutes longitude. Population 5,156 souls, 21 clergy, 18 religious, 500 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 3,803 Indians, 731 mestizoes, and the remainder mulattoes and negroes. The intendency of Huancavelica comprehends 22 doctrinas, one city, one town, and 86 townships, and is inhabited by 30,917 souls, 81 clergy, 18 religious, 2,341 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 23,899 Indians, 4,537 mestizoes, and 41 slaves. Cercado de Huancavelica.-This district comprehends 4 doctrinas and 6 townships. Inhabited by 5,146 souls, 21 clergy, 18 religious, 560 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 3,803 Indians, 731 mestizoes, and 13 slaves. Angaraes.-This district comprehends 5 doc. trinas and 25 townships. Inhabited by 3,245 souls, 23 clergy, 219 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 2,691 Indians, 309 mestizoes, and 3 slaves. Produces sugar, grain and cattle. Annual value 85,000 dol lars. Tayacara comprehends 5 doctrinas and 22 townships. Inhabited by 13,161 souls, 21 clergy, 1,394 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 9,020 Indians, and 2,726 mestizoes. Castroverreyna comprehends 8 doctrinas and $5 townships. Inhabited by 9,365 souls, 16 clergy, 168 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 8,385 Indians, 771 mestizoes and 25 slaves. Produce, grain and cattle. Annual value 76,000 dollars. Intendency of Tarmu.-The town of Tarma is situated in 12 degrees 33 minutes 49 seconds south latitude, and 69 degrees 29 minutes longitude.Population 5,538 souls, 2 clergy, 361 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 1,878 Indians, 3,244 mestizoes, the rest mulattoes and slaves. The intendency of Tarma, comprehends 79 doctrinas, one city, 2 towns, 203 townships. Inhabited by 201,259 souls; 229 clergy, 127 religious, 15 beatas, 15,938 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 105,187 Indians, 78,682 mestizoes, 844 free mulattoes, and 236 slaves. Cercado De Tarma, comprehends 13 doctrinas, one town and 45 townships; and is inhabited by 34,491 souls, 32 clergy, 1,681 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles 18,821 Indians, 14,300 mestizoes and 77 free mulattoes. Produces grain and bark. Annual value 8,315 dollars. The mine of Yauricocha yielded, in 1793, 2,016,703 dollars. Rent of the crown for Diezmos and Cobos 231,285 dollars. Xauja comprehends 14 doctrinas, one town, and 16 townships. Inhabited by 52,286 souls, 32 clergy 84 religious, 1,713 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 28,477 Indians, 21,922 mestizoes, and 58 slaves. Caxatambo comprehends 13 doctrinas, and 56 townships, and is inhabited by 16,872 souls, 31 clergy, 504 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 10,500 Indians, 4,808 mestizoes, 629 free mulattoes. Produces grain and cattle. Annual value 30,000 dollars. Conchucos comprehends 15 doctrinas, and 19 townships, and is inhabited by 25,308 souls, 40 elergy, 2 religious, 1,384 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 9,899 Indians, and 13,983 mestizoes. Produces grain and possesses mines, but which are not very productive. Annual value 73,476 dollars. Huamalies comprehends 8 doctrinas, and 30 town. зhips. Inhabited by 14,234 souls, 18 clergy, 593 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 8,957 Indians, 4,625 mestizoes, and 43 slaves. Produces bark, cocoa, and cattle. Annual value 53,420 dollars. Huaylas comprehends 12 doctrinas and 20 townships, inhabited by 40,822 souls, 67 clergy, 11 religious, 3,604 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 20,935 Indians, 15,971 mestizoes, 138 free mulattoes, and 96 slaves. Huanuco comprehends 4 doctrinas, 1 city, and 7 townships, inhabited by 16,826 souls, 9 clergy, 30 religious, 15 beatas, 6,160 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 7,598 Indians, 3,075 mestizoes, and 39 slaves; produces bark, coca, and exports a small quantity of silver. Annual value 45,094 dollars. Panatahuas.-Military government of Callao and of the Archipelago of Chiloe. Number of Indians for the collection of tributes Exempt from age, sex and rank, Amount of tributes, Pensions, expenses, &c.. 314,863 304,327 Duties. according to the population of each district, the population of Chile cannot be estimated at less than one million. The distance from the Cordilleras to the Pacific ocean, is thirty leagues, between the latitudes of 25 degrees and 36 degrees south; and 40 leagues, in-between 36 degrees and 43 degrees south. Imposts into Callao, 6 per cent. alcabala, and 3 per cent. customs; woolen exports, 3 per cent. The interior commerce pays 6 per cent. alcabala. Alcabala were first levied in Peru, in the year 1596, at 20 until the year 1771, when they were increased to 400. In the year 1777, they were creased to 6o. The expenses of collecting the customs at Lima, exceeds 50,000 dollars. The country comprised between the 25th and 43d degrees of south latitude, may be considered the length of the kingdom of Chile, it being un Table of the commerce between the port of Spain settled and even unexplored further south. [1784, occasioning the great export of that year 17,121,206 6. The excess of exports was occasioned by the war. Four ships arrived in 1779, and sailed Exportation Importation Balance in favor of exports 54,837,114 43,241,862 11,837,251 and Callao. 054 IMPORTATION. EXPORTATION 114,952 7 309.230 3 633,435 3 1,199,653 4 Year Spanish effects. Foreign effects. Total value Gold and silver.] 424,183 3 1782 1781 Produce Total. 566,128 1 1789 1790 2,297,964 4 1788 1,557,904 0 1,209,196 5 1787 3,870,200 7 1786 6,136,067 4 2,318,448 I 1,020,434 1 695,295 7 19,786.677 5 In the moneys exported is included 3,562,000 dollars, sent by the Royal Phillipine company. 23 455.186 443,241,862 7|| 49,678,303 1 15,158,809 1354,837,114 3 177,766 7 561,067 5 narrow strip of land which extends east and west from the summit of the Cordilleras de los Andes to the Pacific ocean, and stretches along the coast north and south, from the river Salado and the desert of Atacama, to the Straits of Magellan. From the chain of frontier posts (which begin at Aranco, on the coast, and extend to the Cordilleras,) to the town of Valdivia, the country is in possession of the warlike tribe of Arancanians, who still remain independent; and from Osorno, south, is inhabited by the various tribes of Patagonia, whose territories have not been explored. The population of Chile, by the census taken in 1791, was found to be 750,000 souls. From the strong motives of concealment, as the census is taken for the purpose of proportioning the taxes From the Cordilleras de los Andes to the Pacific, the inclination is so great, that all the rivers flow with the rapidity of torrents, and are therefore not navigable. They serve to irrigate the valleys, and render them the most fertile in the world. The climate makes this method of cultivation absolutely necessary; for, from the Salado to the Itata, that is, from 25 degrees to 36 degrees of south latitude, not a cloud is to be seen above the horizon, from the month of November to the month of May. The atmosphere, during this period, is perfectly clear, and the dews are scarcely perceptible, nor is the heat oppressive. The proximity of the Andes, tempers the air, and the mercury fluctuates be tween 70 degrees and 80 degrees of Fahrenheit, and rarely rises to 85 degrees. Thunder storms, so frequent on the east of the Andes, are unknown in this part of Chile. Winter commences in the month of May; the cold is mild, and the rains gentle and unattended with wind. The rains of the winter fertilize the hills, and the plains, which cannot be irrigated, during that season, afford pasture for the cattle. The spring commences in September; and the face of nature in Chile is then peculiarly beautiful. The bills are verdant, and covered with innumerable flowering shrubs; and the plains present to the eye a carpet of flowers. The abundance of water and peculiarity of climate enable the inhabitants to raise all the fruits of the earth in great perfection. The wheat, which is cultivated in the valleys, is of excellent quality and the produce seldom less than forty times the seed; sometimes ninety; and, on the best land, even one hundred. Indian corn is likewise cultivated, and produces abundantly. Barley is raised in grest quantity for the use of horses and mules, which, in the winter, are fed on this grain, mixed with chopped straw, as in Arabia and old Spain Hemp and flax grow luxuriantly. Cotton is here and there cultivated for their domestic manufactures and there is one sugar plantation. The climate and soil is well adapted to the culture of sugar but they have been long accustomed to get that article from Lima, in exchange for their wheat, and are not disposed to change their ancient babits. Rice, likewise, would grow on their low lands, but it is brought from Lima. South of the river Itata, the climate varies. Rains are frequent in the summer, and, in the winter, art attended by storms of wind. The grape is chiefly cultivated in these districts; and the wine is better than where the vineyards are irrigated. The olive grows luxuriantly throughout all Chile and the oil is of the first quality. On the banks of the river Maule, and on all rivers south of 35 degrees 17 minutes, there excellent timber, and the whole country abound with forests of a thorny minosa, which makes charcoal, and is in general use for fuel. In the neighborhood of Talcahuano, within yards of the sea, there is a fine vein of seac which has been used by our whaling ships. The kingdom of Chile was governed by a pre- The district of Coquimbo, extends from the Corsident and captain general, who was amenable only dilleras to the sea, it bounds north on Guasco, and to the council of the Indies, and was assisted by extends fifty leagues south to the district of Cusan audienza, or supreme court. His powers were cos. The capital, La Serana, commonly called the same as the vice roys of Lima, or Buenos Ayres. Coquimbo, is situated in 29 degrees 54 minutes There were two bishopricks in Chile. That of south latitude, on the south bank of the river CoSantiago comprehended the territory from the river quimbo, within half a league of the coast. Salado to the Maule; and the bishoprick of Concep land slopes gradually from the town to the sea, The cion, included the country from the Maule to the and being meadow, forms a lawn of never failing island of Chiloe. The presidency was divided into verdure. The town is regular and well built, and districts (partidos) governed by a sub-delegate. is surrounded with gardens, which produce all the Copiapo, the most northern, was the first conquered tropical fruits in great perfection. The inhabi by the Peruvians, under the Incas, who extended tants are remarked for their urbanity and hospi themselves subsequently to the banks of the Maule. tality to strangers; and the climate is equal and The Spaniards followed the track marked out temperate. by the enterprize of this extraordinary people; and The river Coquimbo waters the valley of Hualpassing along the edge of the Cordilleras, descend-que, the most fertile part of the district; and the ed into Chile by the mountains of Copiapo. This Liman, which is a large stream, waters the coundistrict extends from the Cordilleras to the sea. try above and below the juntas of Guamalata. On the south it is separated from the vice royalty The gold mine of Talca, which is situated in this of Lima by the desert and district of Atacama, and district, is very productive. The copper of Coextends north seventy leagues to the district of quimbo is esteemed the best in the world, and Guasco. The town of Copiapo is situated in 26 contains a small portion of gold. The French degrees 50 minutes south latitude, twenty leagues formerly imported this copper through Spain, and from the coast. It is small and inconsiderable; extracted the gold from it. Mining is carried for the only part of this district capable of cultiva-on by voluntary labor. The mita or conscription tion is the narrow valley which extends from the of the unfortunate Indians, to toil in the mines, was Cordilleras to the town, the river losing itself in never practised in Chile. the sands between the town and the ocean. South from the Hospederia de Yerba Buma, extends a desert tract (travirsia) about thirty leagues to the borders of Guasco. La Caldera Copiapo, the port, is situated in 26 degrees 1 minute south latitude. The wine of Copiapo is much esteemed, and is of excellent flavor, but has not body to keep any length of time. The district of Guasco, extends from the Cordilleras to the sea, and from that of Copiapo to the district of Coquimbo, occupying a line of coast of thirty leagues extent. The principal town is small, and situated about sixteen leagues from the sea. The port of Coquimbo is formed by the head lands of Teatimos and Pelicanos; and is one of the best known, and the most secure of the Pacific. It is situated in 29 degrees 54 minutes south latitude. The district of Cuscos, extends from the Cordilleras to the sea, and from Coquimbo south to the district of Petorca. Rozas is the principal town. The river Chaupo fertilizes this district. Near where it falls into the sea is a large lake, abounding with fish. The district of Peterca extends from the Cordilleras to the sea, and from Cuscos, its northern boundary, south to Quillota. The capital is PetorThe mines of gold in this district have been ca, sometimes called Santa Ana de Bribiesca. This abandoned; but those of copper produce annually district possesses gold and copper mines, and is eighteen or twenty thousand quintals. The king watered by the rivers Longotama and Ligua. On exercised the right of purchasing copper at seven the banks of the latter, stands the town of San and a half dollars per quintal, payable in Santiago. Domingo de Rozas; and near it, the settlement of In consequence of this monopoly, the miners pre-Placilla. There is a large Indian town in the valferred disposing of it to the smugglers, who gave ley, called Valle Hermoso. them fourteen dollars in goods. The mines of The port of Valparaiso is situated in 33 deg. 1 silver discovered in this district, in 1811, are the min. 45 sec. south lat. It is the most frequented richest ever known; the veins which have been in Chile, although open to the north and northeast, hitherto wrought, are near the surface of the earth, and to northwest winds, which blow with great and have yielded the extraordinary product of forty violence in the winter, accompanied with a heavy marcs, and sometimes even seventy marcs to the sea. caxon of ore.* The town extends around the bay, from the casThe port of Guasco is formed by two rocks, running tle of St. Antonio, for nearly a mile, and is separatout from the island of Carnero, and Point Expedied from the Almendral (a suburb of Valparaiso) tion. It is situated in 28 deg. 26 min. south latiti. by a low beach. The houses are irregularly scat. tude, and 75 deg. longitude, west of Cadiz. tered over the sides of steep hills, which rise abruptly from the shore, and extend along the raThe method of estimating the product in Potosi, vines of Saint Augustin, Saint Francisco and GoChile, and generally in Peru, is by the caxon of ore, mez; the ground being very broken and rugged. which contains fifty quintals, of one hundred pounds The country near the town is very barren, and all each. The marc of silver is eight ounces of eight the supplies are drawn from Quillota. That abun ochaves; each ochava of seventy-five grains. The dant district furnishes, at a very cheap rate, sup. cason of ore at Guasco produces forty marcs, or plies for the vessels that frequent Valparaiso. three hundred and twenty ounces of silver. In Stock of every description, fruit, potatoes, vegetaPotosi fourteen marcs is the average, or one bles, and excellent biscuit, may be bought at a hundred and twelve ounces; and in Guanaxuato, very moderate price. The best water is brought the richest mines of Mexico, the average is four from the Almendral, at some trouble and expense. ounces the quintal, or two hundred ounces the Until the late revolution, the only commerce from this port was with Lima; between forty and caxon. SUP. TO VOL. XVI. H |