« valuable, than with the whole. I begin to think there was nothing absurd in sir W. Petty, when he fancied if all the highlands of Scotland and "the whole kingdom of Ireland, were sunk in the "ocean, so that the people were all saved and brought into the low lands of Great Britain; nay, though they were to be reimbursed the value of their estates by the body of the people, yet both "the sovereign and the subjects in general, would "be enriched by the very loss."

those products greater refinement, and consequent value: that is, to give to food a higher relish and more diversity; and to apparel, furniture, &c. more of ornament and beauty. These operations are the chief constituents of manufacturing industry, and absorb a considerable part of the labor, which would otherwise be idle. The cultivation of letters, of the fine arts, of the physical and abstract sciences, the officers of state, and its protection in the army or navy, in civilized Society, give occupation to the remainder.

The same sentiment is contained, and placed in a striking point of view with relation to this coun- When that portion, which is employed in creat try, in a petition to parliament, in the year 1767. ing material products or values, finds full occupaGeneral Phineas Lyman, it appears, contemplated tion, and is predominant, then national wealth is on the establishment of a settlement, on the Ohio, in the increase; circulation is kept full brisk and steathe present state of Illinois; and for this purpose, dy; contentment and ease, comfort and happiness, applied to parliament for a tract of land. He en-are in the power of each individual to obtain; the forced the propriety of the measure, by the argu-government is invigorated, and its finances in a ment, that there could be little danger of the colo- Hourishing state. This is the situation of a pros nies becoming independent, if confined to agricul-perous people, and to attain and preserve it, should tural pursuits, and the inhabitants were diffused be the constant aim of an enlightened government. over the country. The position is perfectly cor- The reverse of this state of productive industry, rect, and is a very suitable and forcible reply tobrings on a lamentable change in the affairs of a those, who are incessantly advising the same policy nation. In proportion as the employment of this to these free and independent states, instead of class diminishes, national production or wealth de promoting manufacturing industry on the seabord, clines; circulation becomes dull, languid, and stagand the already thickly settled parts of the coun-nant; embarrassments and difficulties surround tratry. This is purely an English doctrine, and one which the English government, unquestionably, warmly approves.

"A period," the petition we allude to observes, will doubtless come, when North America will no longer acknowledge a dependence on any part of Europe. But that period seems to be so remote, as not to be at present an object of rational poli. "cy or human prevention, [and] it will be made "still more remote, by opening new scenes of "agriculture, and widening the space, which the "colonists must first completely occupy."*

While it is thus demonstrated, that territory thinly peopled, confers neither riches nor power, we have examples in Egypt, modern Greece, and other provinces of the Turkish empire, and in Persia, that people deficient in industry, contribute as little to national wealth or strength: while Spain and Portugal are familiar instances, that they are not necessarily concomitant with the possession of the precious metals.

ders; poverty and misery assail laborers; being idle, they become viscious; and oppressed by pauperism, they become criminal. The materials for riots and civil commotions; the ready instruments of design. ing demagogues, are formed and accumulated, to the hazard of all good citizens, and the safety of civil government.

It is not improbable, that it was this state of things, which was one of the principal causes of the violences of the French revolution. The derange. ment of the finances; the immense and unequal exactions of the government, which fell chiefly on the industrious poor; the vacillation of its measures, which overthrew all confidence; and the operation of the impolitic treaty of commerce with England of 1786, all tended to ruin the productive industry of France. Large fragments of its popnlation, were thus disjointed from their usual situation and floated loose and unemployed, endangering the existence of organized society, with the first agita. tions that should arise.

The commencement of the revolution seems a

coach.

When we reflect on the distribution of labor in society, which is necessary to give value to pro-demonstration of the fact. A starving multitude duction, we shall be more sensible of the truth and surrounded the Hotel de Ville, vociferating for operation of the principles laid down. bread; and, whenever the king appeared in pubIt has been judged from experience, and admit-lic, his ears were stunned with the same incessant ted by the best authorities, that the labor of twen- clamor from the crowd that thronged around his ty-five persons, will procure all the common nécesA saries of life, as food, drink, apparel, housing, furThe same principle explains, satisfactorily, the niture, &c. for one hundred persons. This suppo- cause of the extraordinary military energy of sition takes the above articles as coarse, though France, at that period. Her commerce ruined; plentiful and good. One-third, it is supposed, from her manufactures languid; her trades sinking from being too old or too young, sick or infirm, will pro- diminished consumption; her agriculture oppressed duce nothing. There will, then, remain about thir-and declining; and the total destruction of her fity-one individuals of every hundred, capable of nances, threw an immense mass of physical and Working, who are necessarily idle or non-produc- labor-power out of employment, The army offertive. Now, on the quantity and quality of the ed the only mode of occupation, by which it could employment, with which these thirty-one individu-be absorbed. Hence, more than a moiety of the als are occupied, depends the wealth, power, in-non-necessary producers, whose labor had been telligence, and degree of civilization. appropriated on a thousand different objects, In the armies of The objects which can alone occupy this class, was suddenly devoted to arms. which, for the sake of distinction, we shall call non- the republic were found every rank and grade of necessary producers, as there is sufficient of suste-society, and every variety of trade and profession. nance and raiment, &c. for necessary wants produced without them, must be, in part, to give to

* Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, 1767.

Europe, which had confederated against that devoted country, and anticipated an easy conquest, was surprised, alarmed and confounded, at the spectacle presented by this nation, which had

Asiatic states, are instances of this constitution of things; and there are strong indications of its commencement in Spain..

seemed prostrated with calamity, sending forth at one time "eleven distinct armies" to the field, and her extended frontier bristling with bayonets. This principle was so well understood in Eng, This was the condition of feudal Europe. The land, before the establishment of manufacturing in-crown possesed little constraint over its great feudustry secured permanent employment, that it be- datories. Each of which avenged his own wrong came a maxim with her kings to engage in wars, with his sword; and most of them supported their whenever this portion of her population accumula-petty dignity, and their retainers, by predatory inting, became idle, restless, and discontented. cursions on the domains of his neighbors. "It was the dying injunction of the late king, From the disorders incident to, and the degrada "(Henry IV.) to his son, not to allow the English tion consequent on feudalism, man was rescued by "to remain long in peace, which was apt to breed the establishment of manufactures. They drew intestine commotions; but to employ them in fo-him into towns and villages, and association sharp"reign expeditions, by which the prince mightening his intellectual faculties, he began to under. "acquire honour; the nobility by sharing its dan- stand his rights. By his labor, wealth was created; "gers might attach themselves to his person; and and with his wealth, and by his combination, he ac"all the restless spirits find occupation for their quired power to enforce his rights, or the means 66 inquietude." to purchase their enjoyment. By this means employment was found for their superabundant labor, which had become oppres-abrogation of feudal institutions, and the emancipasive and troublesome to the government, because it could not find any other occupation.

On the disposition which is made by the government, of this class of non-necessary producers, depends the character of a nation. If the greater portion be occupied in agricultural and manufacturing industry, the nation will be wealthy and prosperous, but not enlightened. This is the case with China and Hindostan,

Tracing the causes, whence have proceeded the tion of society from the debasing and depraving in fluence of feudal obligations, it will be seen, that they have disappeared, like darkness yielding to the day-dawn, before the genial and invigorating influence of manufacturing industry.

The people of Italy, acquiring wealth and power, arts, letters and science, by their industry, first cast aside the shackles of feudal bondage. Flanders and the Netherlands, treading in her steps, next If engaged in arts, letters and sciences, it will be succeeded in the list of free states. As manufac distinguished for its writers, poets, philosophers, tures progressed in England, the people gradually historians, orators, statesmen, sculptors and pain-rose into consequence and independence. Yet, ters. Greece in its maturity, Rome in the Augus- from the many obstructions they met with, by the tan age, and Italy at the time of the revival of let-impolicy of the different kings, vassalage was not ters, illustrates our doctrine. completely annulled until 1574, In that year, Eli. If arms be made their trade, the people become zabeth, in order to raise money, directed a charwarlike, make extensive conquests, and are renown-ter to her lord treasurer Burleigh and sir Wiliam ed for heroes, commanders and warriors. This Mildmay, chancellor of the exchequer, "to enquire was the character of Greece in its early history, of " into the lands, tenements, and other goods of all Macedon, and of Rome. It is also the condition of " her bond-men and bond-women in the counties of most semi-barbarous states; like theScythian tribes," Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, and Gloucester, viz which destroyed the western empire; and the Arabs" such as were by blood, (i. e. birth) in a slavish who carried the crescent over more than half the "condition, by being born on any of her manors; world, and have thundered at the gates of most of" and to compound with all or any such bond-men the capitals of Europe. In the vigor of its feudal" or bond-women in these four counties, for their institutions, Europe presented the same aspect." manumission or freedom; and for enjoying their Arms and a rude agriculture constituted the chief" said lands, tenements and goods as freemen. employment of its inhabitants, who poor and op- Thus terminated feudalism in England, from the pressed, were the dependent vassals of their lords. commonalty being enabled by the wealth acquired Unoccupied by trades or manufactures, they were by manufacturing industry, to purchase their emanever ready to follow their chieftains to the field, cipation. reckless of the cause which summoned them to the In France, the progress of commerce and manuwork of destruction. Under the banners of the factures was slower than in England, and a consecross, were arrayed such multitudes, that Europe, quent slower progress is observable in escaping remarks Anna Commena, loosened from its founda- from feudal oppression, Those, who bad engaged tions, and impelled by its moving principle, seemed in commerce and manufactures, were, however, in one united body to precipitate itself into Asia.#the first who became exempt; and the agriculturist, The plains of Palestine and the borders of the Nile, at the period of the revolution, which brought it for near two centuries, were deluged with the to a close, alone was subject to its hardships. blood of millions of human beings, vainly shed in The peasantry of nearly all the Germanic states, the fruitless battles of the crusades. of Hungary, and Russia, are at this time trammelled When the exertions of a population of this cha-with its fetters. But the period of their liberation racter, are not directed on some one object, and rapidly hastens on. The immense sums disbursed combined by the control of an efficient government, by the contending powers in the late contests, have or by some ruling motive of religion or interest, diffused much property among the commonalty, society is in complete disorganization. Civil wars, and excited their industry. The continental systhe contests of petty chieftains, plundering and tem of Bonaparte, started a spirit of manufacturing, robbing by armed bands, ranging over the coun- which is still maintained. The sovereigns in the try, are then the predominant features. The do-last grand confederacy against Napoleon, could not minions of the grand seignior, Africa, and many

*Stevens' Wars of the French Revolution, p. 266 Hume's History of England, vol. 2. chap. xix. p. 59, #Alexias, lib, x.

rely, as formerly, solely, on mercenary troops, but were thrown on the people for support. A military spirit, and the sentiments it gives birth to, have thus *Anderson's Origin of Commerce.

the community, which is essential to the highes state of political prosperity and happiness.

been infused amongst their subjects, who have learnt the dangerous secret of their power and its Its order of nobility is supported in the magnifiextent. The consequences have been, that Bavaria and Baden, now enjoy the best constituted and cence and splendor of an illustrious rank by inorfreest governments in Europe, while almost all the dinate salaries, attached to petty and mostly useless people of the states of Germany are perseveringly officers of state, by enormous pensions and extravaand anxiously demanding from their rulers, an ac-gant sinecures. These are taxes, levied on the inknowledgment and guarantee of their rights industrious and productive members of society, to written constitutions, and a participation, by their pamper the luxury, and glut the pride of the idle and non-productive. representatives, in the government.

The more close and attentive the examination of The laws of primogeniture and of entailments this interesting subject, the more conclusively will abstract and withhold from the general circulation, be established the position, that the modern princi. a large portion of the landed property, in favor of ples and practice of free governments; the ameliora- this privileged rank, to the manifest detriment and tion and refinement of society; the advancement of oppression of the industrious class; and as lord Coke. eivilization; and the cultivation of the higher intel-observes, "what contentions and mischiefs have lectual pursuits, have grown out of the diffusion crept into the quiet of the law, by these fettered inand division of productive labor, and the multiplica-heritances, daily experience teacheth." tion of the objects of its exercise.

The limits of these essays, forbid us to develope. When the labor, or producing power of a nation, through all their ramifications, the operation of cir is not too much concentrated, on any one or two cumstances peculiar to European society, and of particular occupations, but is diffused, in due and the political policy of its governments, which counregular proportion, amongst those professions that teract and frequently destroy the beneficial results constitute civilization, such a nation is then, in its of its principles of economical policy. The two are most prosperous, happy, powerful, and intelligent not necessarily connected. The one, with ease, can condition. It will be equally famed for its wealth, be embraced, without adopting the other. We its power, its laws, its arms, its letters, its sciences, have confined ourselves exclusively to the considera. This constitutes the most improved tion of the political economy of England and other

and its arts.

state of society, which it is the duty of governmen's to establish and cherish. In different degrees, this is the case with different nations of Europe. There are various causes, into the detail of which, we have not leisure, and which would lead us too far from our object to enter, that cast over each of them different complexions and tints, but which do not, however, destroy their similitude.

We shall barely confine ourselves to remark, that in England, her political policy, and her labor-saving machinery, produce modifications of the gene. val result on her population, which, at first view, seem to militate against our proposition. But a little inspection will dissipate the incongruity.

European powers, without reference to their politics. Whatever prosperity they are found to pos sess, can be attributed solely to its operation. We have, therefore, recommended it to the imitation of this country. But we have to lament, that some of those who have opposed our views, have refused to draw the distinction, and have seized on the vices of their politics, as objections to the principles of their economy.

Applying the above principles to the United States, we shall discover, that during the prosperity which they enjoyed in the first twelve or fifteen years subsequent to the French revolution, the las The population of Great Britain is estimated at bor-power of the country was fully exerted. The 17,000,000. Let us allow three-fourths to be pro-wars in Europe creating a constant market for their ductive of material values, which will make 12,750, agricultural products; the carrying trade, and the 600, as the physical labor population. But, accord- various branches of business connected with it gave ing to Mr. Owen, of Lanark, the machinery of Great employment to the greater portion of their labor, Britain creates a production equivalent to the labor Agriculture and commerce were, then, the charac of 180,000,000 individuals. The physical popula-teristic pursuits of the nation. Literature, science, tion, therefore, of Great Britain is, to what may be and the arts, were but little cultivated; and few oricalled her moral population, as 1 is to 14. Now, it ginal works of importance were produced. Those is chiefly the labor population, and that generally liberal professions, however, which are connected which is devoted to the coarsest and lowest labor, with the ordinary transactions of society, and are that is subject to pauperism. They are made pau- made the business of individuals, flourished with a pers, by whatever interferes with their industry, or vigor unsurpassed in any other country. Of this competes with their labor. But as a moral or machi-character are politics, medicine and law. The im nery labor power, is similar to, and equivalent in its provements those sciences have undergone, and the production, to a physical labor power, the physical ability of those devoted to them, place the United labor power of Great Britain, that is rendered pan-States in a very favourable light, as respects its inpers, ought in strictness to be compared, not to its tellectual powers, and excite auspicious hopes for physical productive power alone, but to its whole the future. productive power; that is not to twelve or seventeen millions, but to 192 or 197,000,000. Let us suppose Mr. Owen's calculation to be erroneous, and let us strike off eighty millions, and take the productive power of machinery in England as equal to 100,000,000 of people, still, viewing it in the light we have presented, the discrepancy, that is ofter pointed out, disappears.

Turning our attention to the situation of the na tion, at the present time, with reference to the principles laid down, it is obvious, that the sources which formerly absorbed the superabounding la bor power of our country, have ceased to exist, and consequently, that a portion of the population which was occupied by them, is daily thrown out of employment. Hence we notice the effects we have The aristocratic provisions of the English consti- described, as characteristic of such a state of things. tution, and the operation of the vast funding sys- Consumption is less in amount, and consequently tem now established, also disturb that equable and the value of almost every species of property is on regular diffusion of labor, production, and the bur-the decline; bankruptcies are numerous; credit thens for the support of government, throughout early extinct; the circulation stagnant; labor fide

Jen in price; workmen discharged by their employ-mence against this state of things, inevitable if left ers; and the number of the poor augmenting. to themselves, it is utterly impossible to calculate As this is the most unfavorable state in which the course it might pursue, or the aspect it might a nation can find itself placed, it is the duty of the assume. All the ills, that universal experience has statesmen, in whose hands is confided its direction, shown to be the concomitants of want of employto enquire into the causes, which have created those ment, are incurred, and can only be avoided, by unfavorable circumstances. If they find them to be opening new means of occupation, as the old dismerely transient, temporary remedies, adapted to appear. Every nation in Europe, that is esteemed. alleviate present distress, or to enable the com- wise, has directed its attention to manufactures, not munity to sustain the shock of passing events, should only as the chief source of wealth and power, but as be sought for and applied. But if found to origi- the most salutary mode of absorbing the accumu nate in causes, which cannot be confidently antici-lating class of non-necessary producers. It now pated to disappear of themselves, it is also their rests with us to imitate in this respect the examples, duty to devise a new system of policy, adapted to by adopting the experience of the most illustrious the new situation of the nation. If the class of in- people of ancient and of modern times; or, by de-. dustrious poor be found unemployed, and their pro- termining to procure experience for ourselves, to duction, at a stand, the state should devise some run through a course of suffering and distress. But, mode to procure them employment, and give a fresh when exhausted by the process we have undergone start, or a new direction to their production. If who can answer for the recovery of our past state the consumption of the productions of the industri- of prosperity; for our rising to that greatness, to ous poor, on which they depend to obtain the com- which we have been looking with pride and exulta, forts and necessaries of life, and to pay the taxes tion, or sinking into the feebleness of debility, that that are required for the support of society, be dimi- have always attended those nations who have ne nishing, remedies should speedily be applied to glected the sound policy of distributing employment counteract this injurious operation. The neglect of every kind throughout their population. of these important points in legislation, may overwhelm a large portion of society, hitherto happy, prosperous, and contented, with suffering and calamity; and a consequent feeling of discontent and inflammatory excitement be occasioned, which is greatly to be deprecated.

We apprehend the situation of our country is of the above character. Agriculture, commerce, the retailing of the fabrics of foreign countries, and the branches of business subordinate thereto, formerly gave fall occupation to the greater part of our people; but the foreign markets, which were heretofore opened, being now closed to our agriculture; our commerce much contracted; the capacity of the people to consume diminished; those occupations have become overstocked, and no longer give full or profitable employment to those who are engaged them.

Foreign Articles.

EUROPE GENERALLY.

A letter writen from Rotterdam, under date of May 25, says "A something must happen in Europe and from the preparations making, we cannot but conclude that a war is near at hand.”

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRSLAND. London dates of June 18, The countess of Darnley lately gave a fancy ball, at which a mob of 1000 persons were presentamong them three of the "royal dukes," the duke of Wellington, &c. The party broke up at half past six in the morning.

The same evening that the countess gave this ball, 1 or 200,000 persons in England, after a hard day's work, went supperless to bed,

Marriage laws of Scotland.-An important Scottish law case (extracted from the History of the Wars,) will illustrate the nature of marriage in Scotland.

In the present posture of affairs, there are no rational indications which can lead us to expect that those pursuits, while it continues, will give full employment to our industry: and it surely cannot be urged, that this, or any nation, should trust its pros- In 1813, two days previous to the third reading perity to the possible occurrence of favorable acci- of the stipendiary curates bill, an important appeal dents. Yet, while we continue to direct our industry case regarding the Scottish law of marriages, was chiefly to those employments, we must depend on heard in the house of lords, M'Adam v. Adam. the contingent circumstances of a war, or deficient M'Adam, a gentlemen of very large fortune in Ayrharvests in Europe, for its maintenance, and to pro- shire, kept a mistress in his house for many years, cure adequate markets for our productions, when and had children by her. One morning he called carried to the extent of our productive power.- the servants into the room where he and his misIn the meantime, the non-necessary class of pro- tress were at breakfast, and taking her by the hand, ducers, must ponstantly increase; its capacity to declared in their presence, that she was his wife. sue the vocations, in which it was engaged, must The same day he shot himself. The question, labor its means of sustenance daily decline; and therefore, rested, whether this was a valid marri e retrograde from the higher species of age, and consequently the children legitimate? ed upon, lower. The inferior laborers thus press. And upon the decision of this question depended thrust into le employment is decreased, must be the succession to a real estate of 10,000% per annum. verism, and come on the public for The result was, that the marriage was pronounced to be valid; by which decision it may be consider rating on a sluggans take place quietly, from ope-ed as finally established, that, by the law of Scotbe, to place society opulation, the only effect will land, as itat present stands, a mere verbal declaraviously occupied, befor in the position it had pre- tion of marriage, by the parties themselves, delibeprosperity; or had acquired a known its days of rately made in the presence of witnesses, constiledge of, the indulgences and refinerewis of advan- of the witnesses, without any writing or any other with a know-tutes a valid marriage, proveable by the testimony ced civilization, growing out of its incised wealth ceremony, civil or ecclesiastical. and the cultivation of intellectual enjoyme in the fine arts, letters and science. But should this

support.

If these reve

Married-Mr. H. B. Fearon, of London author of re-a tour through America, to Miss Thompson, A

trocession be resisted, and a struggle once com protest against the marriage ceremony, sigued by

the bride and bridegroom, was delivered (previous Unhappily, we have too many native seamen idle to to its performance) into the hands of the minister, feel any necessity to employ others. It is possible by Mr. Fearon. It contained the following passa- that many persons were on board our ships who ges: "The undersigned being protestant dissenters, were well known to others in the British frigatepresent to you the following protest against the for about thirty thousand American seamen were inmarriage ceremony as at present performed, and to pressed during the late wars of Great Britain. We which, according to the laws of England, they are also very much doubt whether in almost all cases compelled to subscribe. Against the marriage cere- of difference, the points in dispute were conceded mony they most solemnly protest, because it makes in favor of England. But we know not what is marriage a religious instead of a civil act; because meant by the "radical change" spoken of, unless te parts of the ceremony are highly indelicate, and suppose that we must have been esteemed a little must, to every correctly constituted mind, be ex- while ago as a sort of ourang-outangs. tremely offensive; because the man is required to There is again a talk of divorcing the prince reworship the woman, though the founder of Chris- gent and his wife. tianity has declared, that God is the only object for the Christian to worship; because it requires the recognition of the doctrine of the Trinity, than which nothing can be more oppressive to those who disbelieve conscientiously, and after patient investigation, that doctrine; and because, as warm and firm believers in the truth of Christianity, they disbelieve and abominate the doctrine of the Trinity, in the name of which the marriage ceremony is performed."

The royal assent was given, by commission, in the house of lords, on the 14th of June, to the American convention bill. The commissioners were, the Jord Chancellor, the marquis of Winchester, and the earl of Shaftsbury.

Petitions from all quarters were pouring in against the foreign enlistment bill.

The chancellor of the exchequer, in bringing forward his budget of ways and means for the support of the nation, proposes an additional duty on malt, which, Mr. Calvert, a member of the house, gives as his opinion, should it prevail, would ruin nine-tenths of the malsters in the country.

The dispute between the Carlisle weavers and their employers has been amicably settled. Cotton has again declined a farthing per lb.-dull

sales.

Wheat, June 5-average 68s 8d. per quarter The ports of course shut, as they cannot be opened until the average is 80s. though American wheat might be obtained for 25 per cent. less than the British sells for.

FRANCE.

Chamber of Deputies. Mr. Villeveque, referring to the treaty for the cession of Louisiana, said that French vessels were to have the privilege of trading to New Orleans free of custom house duties for 12 years-the war with England had forbidden the expected advantages, and he thought that "minis ters" ought to insist on some equivalent advantages in its stead!" This is queer logic, indeed.

Mr. Rodet made an elaborate speech respecting the budget. The chamber ordered his speech to be printed, with the omission of the world "scandalous" in the following passage, which produced a good deal of sensation in the house: "May I be permitted to take this opportunity of expressing to the minister of the interior my astonishment at the protection which certain scandalous missions have obtained in the departments?"-(violent rumors on the left side.)

M. M. Corent Diucourt, De Marcellus, and other members rose amid great confusion.

M. Benoist "Omit only the word scandalous." The following article is copied from a London M. Rodet-These missions, which under the prepaper of June 15.-Mr. Bagot, and suit, landed at text of religion and of morals, excite intolerence Portsmouth on Thursday from the Forth frigate, and fanaticism--which preach openly rebellion and under appropriate salutes and immediately set off contempt. Can the government be ignorant that for London. The commissioners for settling the every place which these priestly bigots have visited, boundary line, are going on in the most satisfactory has been left by them a prey to domestic troubles, manner, and expected to end their labors in Octo-which are the preturcors to religious and political ber. In almost all cases of difference, the points dissentions? Where should we be if every sect and in dispute are conceded in favor of this country. persuasion which the charter allows, were, in like The conduct of the Americans, of all ranks, at manner, to send its emissaries on a mission of pro Washington and Annapolis, to the officers and selytism through the country? Let us hope, gentlecrew of the Forth, while she lay in the Ches peake, men, that these abuses will cease, and that, by con discovered the most amicable and friendly disposi-fining the different religions to their respective tion. It seemed to our officers as though a radical temples,an end will be put to the perambulations of change had been effected in the feelings and views these missionaries who estrange from their proper of the Americans. An interchange of civilities dai-pastors the confidence of the faithful-who search ly passed between the officers of the Essex [the the consciences of men for the sake of emolument Congress] and Ontario, lying there, and the Forth. who make a vile traffic of the most holy off by It is understood, an admitted fact, that not less than tries.-Hear, hear.) two thirds of the crew of the Essex were British seamen, Several parts of France have been uses have who had become American citizens by the usual form tremendous storms. In one place, 8-21 June, a of legislative protection. During their mutual friend- been destroyed by lightning. Osier, and lightly visit, some one of the crew of the Forth, recogniz- tempest, accompanied with hail, timunes. But a ed a ship-mate in almost every boat that came along-ning, ravaged upwards of 50..ens to destroy the side. On one occasion, of a boat's crew consisting still more dreadful scourge thent of Arles, which of 12 men, 7 of them discovered their original charac-harvest of the whole fromise. Hosts of locusts apter. The Columbus, a remarkable fine new two held forth the

and covered the land. The in

decked ship, pierced for 105 guns, was fitted out at peared on a snt out immediately to protect their Washington. Com. Rodgers, president of the navy habitants w board, is expecting to hoist his broad pendant in her fields, though they collected as much as 57 quins of these devourers every day, the number did not seem decreased. They were as yet small, but their devastations were most alarming, and it

for the Mediterranean station, &c. &c.

The preceding is worse than ridiculous, for it is wilfully false,in the parts which we have italicised