GRE

HOL

179

Index-continued.

GREENWICH TIME: Necessity for maintaining Greenwich meridian, Ball, 537, 598-601, 616, 617, 656-676; Gill, 745; Wright, 925-938; Fremantle, 1371-1381; Martin, 1573; Hemelryk, 2410-2416; Christie, 2823, 2853, 2855, 2858, 2941-2952, 2992, 3025-3039; Shaw, 3070, 3078-3104. Recommendations of Committee, Rep. 9.

As affected by time alteration, Ball, 598-601, 660-676; Christie, 2833, 2853-2855, 2858, 2859, 2908.

Methods of Measurement, Christie, 2870–2876, 2956–2959, 2966, 2967, 2997-3004, 3027-3030. Basis of Hourly Zone System, Christie, 2833, 2834, 2853, 2858, 2865-2893, 2961-2963, 2981-2985, 3021, 3040-3054.

See also Time (Alteration-Disadvantages).

GRINDLEY, MR. ERNEST C. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Chief Clerk to the Superintendent of London and North Western Railway, Chairman of Executive Council of London and North Western Temperance Union, 1772, 1773, 1803-1812, and Chairman of London division of London and North Western Athletic Club, 1774-1776.

Objects of Bill: Witness supports these as advantageous to workers, 1813-1815, affording greater opportunities for athletics, 1777-1782, and musketry practice, 1783, 1784, 1799-1802, and tending to promote temperance, 1789-1798. He favours a piecemeal change, 1785-1787.

H

HEALTH. See Time (Alteration-Advantages).

HEMELRYK, MR. P. E. J., J.P. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is senior partner of Hornby, Hemelryk and Co., doing business with the Continent and the East, but little with America; is Consul for Japan, formerly Vice-President of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, and Chairman of Liverpool School of Commerce, 2368-2378.

Objects of Bill: Witness approves these in principle, 2399, 2421, as likely to benefit his and other firms having dealings with the East, 2379, 2381, 2382, 2409, 2429-2437, 2446-2451, but thinks putting the clock forward would render impossible the more important business with America, 2379, 2409. The resolution of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce confined its approval to the principles of the Bill, 2378, 2408, 2422, 2423. Public Attitude: (Trades). He confirms the views of Associations affiliated with the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce as reported in "Liverpool Daily Post," 2400-2405, is ignorant of the Corn Trade Association's attitude, 2424-2428, but states that the Cotton Association, by an important majority, oppose the Bill, 2046, 2047, and thinks adjustment of present Liverpool hours to meet American business would entail longer hours for employees, 2381-2387, 2438-2445, which would only be justified were all countries East of Liverpool to benefit equally with Liverpool, 2388-2392. Alternative Suggestions: He thinks a permanent alteration of an hour on December 31st, the only practicable change, 2379, 2380, 2421, objecting to putting back the clock, 2379, 2399, 2417-2420, and considering the maintenance of Greenwich time unimportant save for ocean purposes, 2410-2416.

HOLDROM, MR. HARRY THOMAS. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Director of the Bon Marché, Brixton, which favours the Bill, 1112–1114, 1143, and could adapt itself to any alteration, 1186, 1187, but preferably recurrent, 1130-1132, 1138, 1139, 1181-1192.

Objects of Bill: Witness supports these, 1113, 1210, 1214-1216, 1223, as affording salespeople and workers under the Factory Acts healthier atmospheric conditions, 1114, 1116-1119, 1124, 1166-1169, but does not consider recreative hours will be increased to any extent for workpeople, 1114, 1122-1124. He fears no resultant lengthening of Shop Hours, 1115, 1120, 1121, 1174-1178, and the present tendency to lessen them would probably be encouraged by the Bill, 1125, 1126; nor are late customers likely to extend their shopping hours, 1144–1160, 1174–1180, 1193-1199; has found general approval of the Bill where its provisions are understood, 1140-1142. Alternative Suggestions: Witness opposes the adoption of Mid-European time, 1132, 1181, 1184, 1199-1223, as introductive of irregular opening hours, 1135-1138, 1182, 1183, and increased winter expenditure on artificial light, 1134-1138, 1207-1223. He considers optional unanimity unattainable as instanced by the failure of the Shop Hours' Act, 1126-1129, 1173, and thinks legislative limitation of these might be advantageous, 1170-1172. An hour's alteration in the Factory Act would not affect salespeople, 1161–1169.

HOLMES, MR. BASIL. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Secretary of the Metropolitan Public Gardens' Association, 454-458, who support the Bill, 519-521; is a member of the Middlesex County Council, 454, 455, 480, the Middlesex Education

Index-continued.

Holmes, Mr. Basil continued.

Education Committee, 454, 490, the London Playing Fields Association Committee, and was formerly Honorary Treasurer of the Lads' Drill Association (National Service League), 454. Provisions of Bill: These would ensure additional benefit from Open Spaces, 463, 470, 471, 513. From an educational standpoint children would benefit in school games, nature study, gardening and attendance at evening schools, 464, 503-505. The Territorial Force scheme would benefit by extended drill, 472-474; general recreation would increase, 472, 499, 500; physical deterioration be checked, 475-477; eyesight be saved; 483, 506–510, and general economy in artificial light effected, 469, 478, 479, 481-483, 502.

Alternative Suggestions: Witness thinks piecemeal alterations most practicable, 459-463, 466, 485, 486, but does not object to bi-yearly alterations of one hour, 460, 465, 467, 468, 485, 486, 501, and Mid-European time would be incovenient in winter, 487-489, 501. Legislation would be necessary to universalise the change, 493, 514-518, 530, 531, owing to dependency upon present transit facilities and meal hours, 494–498, 511, 512,

521-529.

HOPE-JONES, MR. FRANK. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is a member of Institution of Electrical Engineers and the British Horological Institution, and has devoted himself to the application of electricity to horology in concert with the Standard Time Company, 1543, 1547, 1548, 1551.

Alteration of Clocks: In Witness' opinion this presents no difficulties, the gradual alteration of any clock being feasible and easy, 1543, 1549, 1550, 1552, 1555. He gives cost of central control, 1544-1546, and describes a mechanism for electric clocks lacking means of instantaneous alteration, 1547, 1548.

"Objects of Bill: Entirely approves of them as likely to conduce to a better method of time keeping, 1543, 1553-1556.

HOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Wright, 862-864.

HUBBARD, MR. T. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Manager of the Co-operative Wholesale Society's Boot and Shoe Works, Leicester, 1895-1898, 1946, 1947, 1949-1951, 1962, 1963.

Objects of Bill Witness approves of these, 1892, 1908, 1909, 1988, as affording economy of artificial light, 1910, and daylight leisure for recreation and for working allotments, 1954-1961, 1980-1988, 2000-2003, without tending to increase expenditure, 1911, and. the preference evinced for morning overtime proves its acceptability, 1902, 1903, 1945, 1984-1988, the busiest season being the summer, 1975-1978.

Public Attitude: (Boot trade). Witness gives hours in Leicester, 1894, 1899, 1943, 1944, 1964-1968, a change having been caused by the Factory Acts, 1964-1972Custom controls the hours, 1904, 1905, and a voluntary change would be harder than in federated trades, 1948-1952.

Alternative Suggestions: Witness opposes moving the clock, 1893, and advocates a compulsory permanent advance of an hour in the time for beginning work, 1898, 1906, 1907, 1912-1914, 1941, 1942, 1973-1979, 1989-1996, 2004-2009, in spite of the increased winter consumption of artificial light involved and probable different summer and winter times of beginning work, 1915-1928, 1990-1996, as likely to effect greater economy of artificial light than Mr. Willett's scheme, 1894, 1898-1902, and produce the desideratum of a uniform hour for the workers' mid-day meal, 1997-1999-He approves the time proposed in the Bill for the change, 1929-1940.

I

INSTITUTIONS, PUBLIC BODIES, ETC., IN FAVOUR OF THE BILL. Willett, 133-140, 175, 176, 178-183, 1299, 1651, 2217-2225; Holmes, 519-521; Wright, 865, 890, 910; Lee, 1243, 1295-1298; Machin, 1653-1662, 1665, 1666, 1671-1673, 1677; Nicol, 1849-1854; Hemelryk, 2400-2405. Rep. 4, App. B and E.

Opposed to the Bill, Satterthwaite, 1757-1760, 2228, 2278; Ramsay, 2019-2029; Hemelryk, 2406, 2407; Dukinfield, 2504–2507, 2564-2566; Babington Smith, 2811, 2812; Christie, 2861, 2897-2899, 2964, 3055. App. E.

J

JOHNSTON, MR. J. A. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is a barrister and hands in a Schedule of Statutes dealing with time, 2599-2611

L

LEE, MR. ARTHUR, J.P. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Managing Director of Arthur Lee and Bros., Ltd., marble, slate, and granite manufac

turers,

LEE

Index-continued.

MAC

181

Lee, Mr. Arthur, J.P.-continued.

turers, 1220, 1234, 1260-1267; past President of Bristol Chamber of Commerce (which has passed a resolution favouring the Bill, 1243, 1295-1298), former member of the Bristol Corporation and of the Bristol Dock Board, Fellow of the Statistical Society, and of the Society of Arts, 1231, 1232, 1283–1287.

Objects of Bill: Witness supports these, 1223, 1259, 1291, as favourable to employers from the better quality of the work done in the cool hours, 1233, 1243, and giving sedentary and indoor workers opportunities for outdoor exercise, 1233, reducive of the consumption of coal, 1292, and artificial light, 1284, 1285, 1287, and possibly conducive to temperance, 1244-1256- -He considers legislation necessary, 1238, voluntary action being impracticable unless universal, 1234-1237, 1243, 1258, 1268-1276--He has met no valid objections to the Bill, 1242, 1243, 1293, 1294, which is supported by his workpeople, 1239-Advocates piecemeal change, 1257-1259, 1277-1281, anticipating no inconvenience therefrom, 1240, 1241, 1288-1291, but leaves ultimate decision to the Railways, 1278-1282.

LEE, MR. LEON G. HAROLD. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Headmaster of the Raunds Wesleyan School, an Associate of the College of Preceptors, a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, and a Member of the British Astronomical Association, 2168, 2169, 2173, 2179, 2194, 2195.

Provisions of the Bill: Witness supports these, 2177, 2179, in the interests of teachers and children, 2170, 2196, 2197, 2211, 2212, who would work better in cooler conditions, 2170, 2178, 2199-2203, 2207, but the adoption of earlier school hours by voluntary action is not to be looked for, 2174-2177- He thinks that children will obtain sufficient rest without any proportional alteration in the hour for bed, 2184-2193, 2205-2210. Alternative Suggestions: Witness favours the four 20 minutes' changes, thus securing an additional 20 minutes per diem of daylight than by a single one hour change, 2180-2183, whilst four changes of 30 minutes would be excessive, 2198.

LEGISLATION. Necessary to universalise the Bill, Holmes, 493-498, 511, 512, 514–518, 521-531; Ball, 542-544, 627-634, 636-649, 651-653, 659-661; Wright, 865, 891, 892, 912; Avebury, 959, 981, 982, 988, 990; Holdrom, 1126-1129, 1173; Lee, 1234-1238, 1270-1276; Machin, 1663, 1664, 1667, 1688-1707; Hubbard, 1948-1952; Ramsay, 2045, 2052, 2085, 2102, 2122-2131, 2151-2155; Lee, 2174-2177; Shaw, 3076, 3077; Appleton, 3157, 3158, 3182. Recommendations of Committee, Rep. 6. LIVERPOOL COTTON BROKERS' ASSOCIATION. Dukinfield, 2452. LIVESEY, SIR GEORGE. (Digest of his Evidence).

Is Chairman of South Metropolitan Gas Company, 1620.

Objects of Bill: Approves these, 1623, 1625, but opposes legislative interference, 1624, 1631, and should the Bill pass, would leave the hour of beginning work to the men, 1635-1639. He considers the question of economy in artificial light unimportant, 1625-1630, calculating the saving in gas as one-tenth of Mr. Willett's figures, 1625-1630. The opinion of day workers of his Company (shift workers not being affected) is adverse to the Bill, 1625, 1631-1639, 1643-1648, 1650, as curtailing hours of rest, 1625, and leading to increased expenditure, 1639-1642.

Alternative Suggestions: Witness prefers the hour change, 1649.

LOCAL TIME. Definition, Johnston, 2595-2611; Rep. 5, App. D.

LOCAL TIME (GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND) BILL. Recommendations of Committee, Rep. 9.

LONDON AND NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY. Turnbull, 1019, 1020; Grindley, 1772.

LONDON AND SOUTH WESTERN RAILWAY. Vickery, 358-363, 423.

LONDON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. Avebury, 956; Machin, 1654; Bartholomew, 2101.

M

MACHIN, MR. STANLEY. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is partner in the firm of Batgers & Co., President of the Manufacturing Confectioners' Alliance, and represents the London Chamber of Commerce, who unanimously approve the Bill, 1653-1662, 1665, 1666, 1671-1673, 1677.

Objects of Bill Witness supports these, 1662, as promotive of temperance, 1662, and beneficial and agreeable to workers, instancing the successful adoption of earlier hours by his firm, 1662, 1668, 1674-1681, 1705. He considers legislation necessary, 1667, 1695-1707,

M

B

Index-continued.

Machin, Mr. Stanley-continued.

1695-1707, from the obstacles to voluntary action, 1664, 1679, 1695-1707, and alteration of bank hours useless, 1688, as not influencing manufacturers, traders or the public generally, 1689-1692, no widespread gain having followed their curtailment on Saturdays, 1663, 1664, 1693, 1694. He thinks banks, home and foreign markets would adjust themselves to the change, 1663, 1664. Extension of working hours unlikely owing to Trade Unions and public opinion, 1707-1729.

Alternative Suggestions: Witness favours gradual alteration, 1669-1672. Should hour change be adopted would make it Mid-April and Mid-September, 1731–1738.

MARTIN, MR. ALFRED JOHN. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is a Fellow of the Surveyors' Institute and author of "Martin's Tables of Time, Weights, Measures, and Coinage." In his opinion the half-hour change at the Cape caused no disturbance, the disturbances mentioned by Sir D. Gill being due to establishment of common time, 1558-1569, 1602-1619.

Alternative Suggestions: He favours gradual alteration, 1567-1570, 1580-1585, but would keep the change to standard or semi-standard time, 1573; from the educational value of time zones, 1586-1588, preferring the half-hour change or adoption of Mid-European time to Mr. Willett's scheme, 1565, 1571-1573, 1587, advocates an advance of two hours in summer, giving us Cape to Cairo time, conditional on the advance of one hour by Central Europe, 1572-1579, 1589-1601.

MATCHMAKING TRADE. Bartholamew, 2098-2167.
METEOROLOGY. See Time (Alteration-Disadvantages).

METROPOLITAN PUBLIC GARDENS' ASSOCIATION. Holmes, 454-458.
MONTGOMERIE, MR. JAMES C. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Secretary of the Mid-Surrey Golf Club, 947, 498, from whose point of view he speaks, 939, 943, 946.

Objects of Bill: Witness approves them, 940, 943, 946, as giving more daylight for golf and other sports, 940-942, provided offices keep the present nominal time, 949, 950. Golf clubs would derive advantages from the same system for half-holidays all the year round, 951-953.

N

NICOL, MR. ALEXANDER M. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is an officer in the Salvation Army, 1846-1848, who unanimously approve the Bill as beneficial to them, and facilitating technical evening education and the Army's work, 1849-1854.

Alternative Suggestions: Witness advocates Mr. Willett's scheme, 1855, 1856; thinks Continental nations may emulate it, 1857-1860; opposes more gradual alteration, 1861-1863, and considers time transitions in travelling unnoticeable, 1864, 1865.

Р

POST OFFICE. Generally, Babington Smith, 2656-2819.

See also Vickery, 389-392; Ball, 845-847; Avebury, 984-992; Lee, 1278-1282; Fremantle, 1399-1404; Shaw, 3078-3080.

PRESS NOTICES. See App. A.

R

RAMBAUT, PROF. ARTHUR A., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.A.S., F.R.S. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Radcliffe Observer at Oxford, 801, 805, was Astronomer Royal of Ireland and Professor of Astronomy at the University of Dublin, 802-804--He gives a table showing the waste of daylight, 806, 807.

Objects of Bill: Would best be attained by Mr. Willett's change, 860, the difficulties being trifling compared with the advantages, 861--The change would benefit all countries in our latitude, 848-855.

Alternative Suggestions: Witness favours piecemeal changes, 808, believing the one hour change would be unpopular from its abruptness, 808, 811, necessitate rising before sunrise in April, 808-810, give less daylight, 812, while if permanent would be undesirable, 837-844-He thinks if the alteration could be effected in South Africa it should be easy here, 813, 814--Witness suggests Sunday, mid-April, for the one hour

Ꭱ Ꭺ Ꮇ

Index-continued.

SAT

183

Rambaut, Prof. Arthur A., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.A.S., F.R.S.-continued.

hour change, 820, 821, 826, 827, and September 1st, or preferably the third week in August to change back, 822-825--With the three half-hour changes then 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Sundays in April, and first three in September, or the first three Sundays in each month, 828-836- -Advises between 2 and 3 a.m. for the changes, but would leave this decision to the railways, 845-847.

Electrical Synchronisation: Thinks this offers no difficulty, 815, 819, expense entailed being saved in other ways, 816, but has not considered the question of cost, 817-819. RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM, K.C.B. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Professor of Chemistry at University College, speaking only for himself, 2010-2013, 2030. Objects of Bill: Witness supports the principle as favourable to recreation, 2031, and preservation of the eyesight, 2031, 2032, 2043, 2044, 2084; also economy, 2084—--He thinks their voluntary attainment impossible, 2045, 2052, 2085. Alternative Suggestions: Witness suggests the advisability of slower, more tentative alteration, 2014, 2015, though considering the proposals of the Bill practicable, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2035, 2074-2079, 2082, the graduated alteration at the time proposed being more advantageous than any change of a complete hour, 2035-2042-He thinks the objections to the scheme unimportant, 2017, 2018, 2033, 2034, 2080-2082, though the consequent fluctuation between this and constant countries would be inconvenient, 2053-2058.

Sidereal Time: Used by science because it is invariable and incapable of alteration, 20592061, 2069, 2070-Witness compares the sidereal with the solar day, 2064-2069. RAUNDS WESLEYAN SCHOOL. Lee, 2168, 2169, 2173, 2179, 2194, 2195.

RECREATION. See Time (Alteration-Advantages).

ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY. Ball, 534.

ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. Winne, 1438.

ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY. Lee, 2169; Shaw, 3125.

RUDOLF, REV. E. DE M. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Is Secretary and Founder of the Church of England Waifs and Strays' Society, 2612–2619, and explains the hours adopted in their Homes, 2626, 2627, 2632-2647.

Objects of Bill: Witness and his Executive Committee approve these, 2618, 2620-2623, in the interests of morality, 2654, 2655, and as giving their children the benefit of early daylight, 2618, 2629, 2648-2653.

Alternative Suggestions: He prefers changes of three half-hours, 2624, opposing permanent alteration as nullifying the objects of the Bill in winter, 2625, 2626, and considers alterations of his time-tables dependent on hours of elementary schools attended by the children impracticable without a universal change, 2627-2639.

SALVATION ARMY. Nicol, 1846.

S

SATTERTHWAITE, MR. EDWARD. (Digest of his Evidence.)

Represents the Stock Exchange and hands in a memorandum from the Committee, 17401747, 1761, 1762, 2227, 2228.

Stock Exchange Attitude: They oppose the Bill, 1757-1760, 2228, 2278, (1) being likely to cause irritation abroad and deflect business, and to injure London's position as the world's clearing house and Western (especially New York) business, 1742, 1751-1753, 2228, 2231, 2248-2250, 2257-2263, affecting the public as well as members of the Stock Exchange, 2228, 2327-2329, without corresponding advantages to Eastern markets, 2232-2242-(2) As necessitating longer hours to meet Western business, 2228, 2256, 2282-2292, 2302-2310, 2316-2318, 2321, 2322- (3) Preventing the overlapping of New York and London markets, 2228, 2259, 2264, 2275-2281 -The Paris Bourse will probably never be open simultaneously with the New York Exchange, 2260–2266, 2311--No adjustment of London Stock Exchange hour is to be expected, 2228, 2267, 2269-2281, 2294, 2295, nor any in New York, 1748-1750, 2228, 2314, 2315---The extension of Street business would be ineffective and inconvenient, 2228, 2293-2295, 2251-2255, 2319, 2320-He cannot explain the London Chamber of Commerce approval of the Bill, 2296-2301.

Alternative Suggestions: The adoption of Mid-European time would lessen objections except as regards Western markets, 2243-2247, and these would be still further lessened by a single alteration of 20 minutes, 2323-2326--Witness thinks members of the Stock Exchange would object to a voluntary advance of an hour, 2268. Shaw,

M

B 2